ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื
  

ืขื–ืจื ื”ืžื ื—ื (1907ึพ1993)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Ezra Hamenahem

ืขื–ืจื ื”ืžื ื—ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ื”, ื‘ื›"ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืก"ื—, 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1907. ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘-1914. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื“ 1928. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘"ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”" ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1924 ืขื“ 1949 ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืื ื’ืœื•-ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” (ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™) ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื-ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื•ืจืš ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘'ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ืกืคืจื• "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”" ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช 1968.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ื’ืจื ื•ืช, ืื“ื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื ื—ื]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช : ื—ืžืฉื” ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ื) <ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ื• ื ื“ืคืกื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘"ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช">
  • ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ : ืžืจืื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ื“) <ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืœ' ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ืŸ>
  • ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉ"ื—)
  • ื‘ืฆืœ ื™ืžื™ื : ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื˜"ื–)
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื›"ื— 1968)
  • ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, 1969)
  • ืืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื— 1977)
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ-ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ, ืชืฉืž"ื 1981) <ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ: ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืื‘ื™ - ืžื—ืกืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžืื™ืจ - ืžืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืžื - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืฉื ืœื—ืžื”>
  • ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื ืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขืงื“, ืชืฉืž"ื— 1988)

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:  (ืžื‘ื—ืจ)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื™ืช. "ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื’ื•ืœื”". ื™ื“ืข-ืขื, ื›ืจืš ื›, ืžืก' 47ึพ48 (ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1980), ืขืž' 15ึพ28 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช : ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉืก"ื‘ 2002), ื›ืจืš ื, ืขืž' 443ึพ461> <ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืขืจื™ืง" ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืžื ื—ื>
  • ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ, ืืจื™ื”.  ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืกื ื™ื•ืจื” ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘.  ื”ื“ื•ืจ: ื”ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชืฉืข"ื’ 2012, ืขืž' 83ึพ86 <ืขืœ "ืชื”ืœื”" ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•"ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื”" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ 'ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ' ืœืขื–ืจื ื”ืžื ื—ื>
  • ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.  ืขื•ืœื ืคื˜ืืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•.  e-mago <ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ>, 4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2009.
  • ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื‘ื•ื, ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื : ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื” (ื›"ื—), ื’ืœ' 5 (ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™"ื—, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1957), ืขืž' 321ึพ323.
  • ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืจื™ื”. ืจื•ืžืื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ : ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืžื ื—ื.  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืž"ื—, ื’ืœ' 4 (ืชืฉืœ"ื˜), ืขืž' 285ึพ288 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•:  ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” : ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืฉ"ื 1980), ืขืž' 195ึพ200>
ืขืœ "ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ" ืขืœ "ื‘ืฆืœ ื™ืžื™ื" ืขืœ "ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™"
ืขืœ "ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืจื—ื™, ืขื–ืจื ืžื ื—ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืŸ
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ
ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืขื•ืจืš ืื—ืจืื™: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœืจื•ืŸึพื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืœื’ืจ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ