ื™ืขืงื‘ึพืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ (1932)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Jacov Shai Shavit

    ื™ืขืงื‘ึพืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืจืฆืดื’, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1932 ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืงืขืชึพื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1946 ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืจืžืชึพื’ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืดืื”ืœึพืฉืืด. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื—ืดืœ. ืœืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ึพ1956 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืจื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืดืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ืด ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ึพ1962 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ืฉื ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžืฉื ื ื“ื“ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืชื™ืึพืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ึพ1983 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื ืš ื•ืžื•ืจื”. ื‘ึพ1986 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ืดืื•ืจื˜ืด, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.
    ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืดื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืโ€ฆืด (ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจืš ื›ืดื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืงื ื—, 1952). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืงืดื™ (ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช), ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื” ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื›ืจืžืœ, 1996), ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ืงื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” (1998). ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื (2000), ืžืชืžืฆืช ื‘ืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื›ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืกื” ื•ืžืคื•ื›ื—, ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืดืฉืึถื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืœึทื—ึฐื‘ึผึนื˜ ืึถืช ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืชึทื™ ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึตืœึผื•ึผ/ ืœึฐื”ึธืกึดื™ืจ ืžึตืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื‘ึธืง ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื˜ึทื‘ึผึตืจ/ ื”ึทืžึฐืึทื›ึผึตืœ ืฉืึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธืืด (ืดืื‘ืงืด). ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื›ืœ ื ื—ืœื™ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืœื (2006). ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืžื–ื’ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืคื•ืฃ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืฆืคื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘: ืดื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื–ึฐึผืžึธืŸ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึฐื—ึทื›ึผึถื” ืœึธืšึฐ/ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื–ึฐึผืžึธืŸ ืึทืชึผึฐ ืฉืึธื‘ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึธืึธื”โ€ฆ/ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึธืŸ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึฐื—ึทื›ึผึถื”/ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึธืŸ ืึทืชึผึฐ/ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืืด (ืฉื™ืจ ืœืœื ืฉื, 21).
    ื‘ึพ2009 ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™. ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื‘ืข ืžืื•ืคืง ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื’ื•ืžื”, ื”ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.
    ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ึพืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœึพื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืคื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 
[ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืณื”ืืจืฅืณ]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉื ืดื• 1996)
  • ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” : 1996โ€“1997 (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉื ืดื— 1998)
  • ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ื 1996โ€“1999 (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, 2000) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืกืจ>
  • ื›ืœ ื ื—ืœื™ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืœื (ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2006) <ืฉื™ืจื™ื>
  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ : ื’ืดืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉืดืข 2009) <ืขืจื™ื›ื” โ€“ ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

  • ืื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”, ืฉืชื” ื•ื•ื“ืงื” โ€“ ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ.  ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืดืก, 19 ื‘ืžืื™ 2000, ืขืžืณ 26 <ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘ึพืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜>
ืขืœ ืดื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื”ืด ืขืœ ืดืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ืืด ืขืœ ืดื›ืœ ื ื—ืœื™ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืœืืด ืขืœ ืดืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ : ื’ืดืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื”ืด
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

OpenLibrary โ€“ OL4973876A Wikidata โ€“ Q116946508 J9U โ€“ 987007296541405171 NLI โ€“ 000229795 LC โ€“ no98117966 VIAF โ€“ 29839217
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 28 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2023

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ