ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (1920โ€“1974)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yehuda Haezrahi

    ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ื‘ืจื™ืกืงืจ), ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™, ืฉื“ืจืŸ ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืขื•ืจืš. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืดื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืดืฃ, 11 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1920. ื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”, ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ืคืจ ื’ืœืขื“ื™ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืจืช ื›ื ื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืคืดื• ื•ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืคืดื˜. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ืจืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฉื™ื“ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืจื“ื™ื• ื”-BBC ืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉื ืช 1936. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ืคืคื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (1921โ€“1963), ืžืจืฆื” ื•ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื 'ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช'. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื” ืขื“ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™. ื›ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืกืžื˜ืื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจืฆื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžื”ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจื. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืดื“ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืœืดื“, 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1974.
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’. ืงืจืกืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืขืœ ืžืคืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ืกืคื•ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืดืฉ)
  • ื›ืฆืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉืดื•)
  • ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืขืจ : ืžืกืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื . ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉืดื–)
  • ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” : ืคืจืงื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื–)
  • ืขื ืฉื—ืจ : ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื ืงื•ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื˜ 1958)
  • ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืชืžื˜, ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ : ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, ืชืฉืดื›)
  • ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืง : ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ; ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช / ืื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1960)
  • ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืืจ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืกืข (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉ. ื–ืง, ืชืฉื›ืดื)
  • ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื›ื” : ืจื•ืžืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฉืœื›ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื’)
  • ืขื™ืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืชืฉื›ืดื— 1967)
  • ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื›ืจื˜ื, ืชืฉืœืดื) <ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืชืจื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช>
  • ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ื ื• : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ : ืžืกื“ื”, 1972)
  • ื›ืื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• : ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืœื•ื, ืชืฉืœืดื”) <ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘>

ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืืœื•ื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉื™ืดื“)
  • ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ; ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืฆื‘ืจ, ืชืฉื™ืดื–)
  • ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช : ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื” / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ; ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืชืฉื™ืดื—?)
  • ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช - ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ; ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, 1959)
  • ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืฉ. ื–ืง, ืชืฉื›ืดื‘) <ืžื”ื“' ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืดืœ>
  • ื ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ / ืžืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื›ืดื”)
  • ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ : ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื›ืดื–-ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืดืœ / (ืจืื™ื™ื ื•, ืœื™ืงื˜ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื ืžืœืš, ืฉืœืžื” ืœืื•ืคืจ, ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื–ื ืจ ; ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™) (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืดืœ)
  • ืคืจืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ : ืชืฉื›ืดื–-ืชืฉืœืดื’ / ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื–ื ืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ืชืฉืœืดื’)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ ืดืืจืฅ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” : ืคืจืงื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”ืด
ืขืœ ืดืชืื•ืžื™ื - ื”ืžืฉืชืžื˜ - ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ืด
  • ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.  ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•.  ื‘ืžื”: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘' 6 (59) (ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืดืš, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1960), ืขืž' 31ึพ36.
  • ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื“, ืืœื™.  ืขืœ ืดื”ืกืจื•ื‘ืด.   ื‘ืžื”: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘' 13 (66) (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื›ืดื‘ 1962), ืขืž' 68ึพ75.
ืขืœ ืดื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืงืด ืขืœ ืดืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื›ื”ืด
  • ื’ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. [ืื—ื™-ื ื—ืžืŸ, ื™.]  ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืดืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื›ื”ืด ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™.  ื‘ืžื”: ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘' 18 (71) (ืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉื›ืดื’ 1963), ืขืž' 68ึพ72.
ืขืœ ืดืขื™ืจ, ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ื™ืืด
  • ื’ื™ื•ืจื, ืžืฉื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื– [27] (ืชืฉื›ืดื˜), ืขืž' 396ึพ398.
  • ื›ื”ืŸ, ืื“ื™ืจ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืฉื›ืดื—. ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืดื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›ืดื—, 22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1968, ืขืž'  27.
  • ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ.  ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™.  ื’ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ืœ', ื’ืœ' ื”-ื— (353ึพ356) (ืื‘ ืชืฉืœืดื’-ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœืดื“, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜-ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1973), ืขืž' 79.
  • ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื.  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.  ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื˜' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื›ืดื˜, 1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1968, ืขืž' 9.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

Wikidata โ€“ Q6753897 J9U โ€“ 987007262261205171 NLI โ€“ 000058794 LC โ€“ n85235057 VIAF โ€“ 70376450
ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ