Jainism
Jainism, kent as Jain Dharma an aw, is a releegion that stairtit in India. It teaches that the saul can be freed frae the roond o rebirth throu a disciplined life, abuin aw throu daein nae hairm tae onie leevin thing.[1][2][3] The nem comes frae the Sanskrit ji, "tae conquer": a jina is a "conqueror" that's owercome the passions an won tae aw-kennin, an the follaers o the releegion is cried Jains.[4][5][6]
Jains haud that thair faith is eternal, an that in this cycle o time it haes been led bi 24 tirthankaras ("ford-makkers"), the first o them Rishabhanatha.[7] The 23rd, Parshvanatha, wis likly a real historical body,[8][9] an he micht hae foondit an early ascetic community that Mahavira, the 24t an last tirthankara, later brocht back tae life an reformed.[10][11] Mahavira leeved in the 6t or 5t century BC at the same time as the Buddha, an set up the ascetic order that's still there the day.[12][13] Thare's atween fower an five million Jains, maistly in India: the 2011 census o India coontit 4.45 million, 0.37% o the population.[14]
Main beliefs
[eedit | edit soorce]Jainism hauds that the universe wisnae creatit an will lest for aye, wi nae creator, governor, juidge or destroyer.[15][16] Freein the saul is held tae come throu the three jewels (ratnatraya).[17][18]
Jainism sets oot five ethical duties that it cries vows: the "smaa vows" (anuvratas) for laypeople an the "great vows" (mahavratas) for monks an nuns.[19] The first an heichest is ahimsa, daein nae hairm tae ither fowk or tae onie leevin thing, an abuin aw tae beasts. It covers whit a body says an thinks as weel as whit they dae.[1][2][3] Anither is aparigraha, no hingin on tae possessions or grippin for mair: Jain monks an nuns gie up aa property an aa social ties.[20][21][22]
The doctrine o anekantavada ("monie-sidit reality") hauds that the truith is complex an that nae single view o it is hale. The great error, it says, is ekanta ("ae-sidedness"), takkin a pairt-truith for the hale truith.[23]
The twa main traditions
[eedit | edit soorce]Jains is pairtit intae twa main traditions, the Digambaras ("sky-cled") an the Svetambaras ("white-cled"). Inscriptions frae as early as the first century AD shaws the split awready.[24] Digambara monks gang naked, an Svetambara monks weir white claes.[25] The formal split is aften tied tae the Cooncil o Vallabhi in the 5t century AD.[26][27]
References
[eedit | edit soorce]- 1 2 Shah, Pravin K. (2011). "Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism". Harvard University Literature Center. Archived frae the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 7 Mey 2017.
- 1 2 Vijay K. Jain 2012, p. 33.
- 1 2 Jaini 1998, pp. 170–173.
- ↑ Upinder Singh 2024, p. 313.
- ↑ Sangave 2006, p. 15.
- ↑ Jr, Donald S. Lopez (30 Juin 2020). Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction (in Inglis). Princeton University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-691-21478-8.
- ↑ Dundas 2002, pp. 12–14.
- ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
- ↑ Jaini 1998, p. 10.
- ↑ Basham 1951, p. 108.
- ↑ Dundas 2002, pp. 30–31.
- ↑ Bronkhorst 2007, p. 14.
- ↑ Geen, Jonathan. "Jainism and Hinduism". Religion Past and Present Online. BRILL.
- ↑ "C-1 Population By Religious Community". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived frae the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
- ↑ Long 2013, pp. 83–85.
- ↑ von Glasenapp 1925, pp. 241–242.
- ↑ Cort 2001a, pp. 6–7.
- ↑ Fohr 2015, pp. 9–10, 37.
- ↑ von Glasenapp 1925, pp. 228–231.
- ↑ Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 112.
- ↑ Long 2013, p. 109.
- ↑ Jaini 1998, pp. 177–178.
- ↑ Schwartz 2018.
- ↑ von Glasenapp 1925, p. 49.
- ↑ Johnston 2000, pp. 681–683.
- ↑ Price 2010, pp. 104–105.
- ↑ Fohr 2015, pp. 21–22.
Sources
[eedit | edit soorce]- Template:Source-attribution
- Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1979], The Jain Path of Purification, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1578-0
- Singh, Upinder (2024) [2016], A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2006) [1990], Aspects of Jain religion (5 ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith, ISBN 978-81-263-1273-3
- Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5
- Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
- Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas: A Vanished Indian Religion. Jainism Series. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1204-8.
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007), Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India, Brill, ISBN 9789004157194
- Long, Jeffery D. (2013) [2009], Jainism: An Introduction, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-0-85771-392-6
- von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1925), Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation [Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 1999), ISBN 978-81-208-1376-2
- Cort, John E. (2001a), Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2
- Fohr, Sherry (2015), Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-4411-5116-2 PB: ISBN 978-1-4411-6594-7; ePDF: ISBN 978-1-4742-2756-8; ePub: ISBN 978-1-4742-2755-1
- Shah, Natubhai (2004) [1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2
- Schwartz, William Andrew (2018), The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism, Lexington Books, ISBN 978-1-4985-6392-5, archived frae the original on 24 August 2018, retrieved 23 August 2018
- Johnston, William M. (2000), Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-57958-090-2
- Price, Joan (2010), Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-0-8264-2354-2
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