Komposer

Komposer marujuak pado urang nan manulih notasi musik; sistem nan mawakili aura musik malalui panggunoan simbol-simbol tatantu, nan mamungkinkan musisi untuak mamainkan not-not tasabuik sabagai musik nan disusun. Ikolah nan mambedaan komposer jo musisi nan baimprovisasi atau mamainkan alat musik.

Istilah "komposer" acok dipakai untuak marujuak pado musik tradisional Barat, yaitu musik klasik. Untuak lagu-lagu umum sarupo musik populer, lagu rakyat dan lainnyo, istilah nan biaso digunoan adolah panulih lagu karano musik populer biasonyo maambiak bantuak lagu tunggal dan juo karano skala notasi musik nan ketek, dibandiangkan jo komposer musik klasik nan biasonyo dihubuangkan jo komposisi gadang sarupo simfoni orkestra. Namun, pado maso-maso balakangan, kabanyakan panulih lagu musik nan populer disabuik komposer.

Tingkat pabedaan antaro komposer jo musisi juo bavariasi. Pabedaan iko kadang-kadang dapek mampunyoi efek negatif sarupo masalah hak cipta jo kecenderungan untuak manghormati interpretasi individu dari karya musik tatantu. Misalnyo, dalam pakambangan musik klasik atau opera di Eropa, fungsi komposer awalnyo indak dianggap pantiang dibandiangkan jo fungsi panampilan musik.

Bacoan labiah lanjuik

• Beckwith, John; Kasemets, Udo (1961). The Modern Composer and His World. Heritage. Foreword by Louis Applebaum. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-ABS-856. 
• Blum, Stephen (2023). "Composition". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06216. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000006216. 
• Borowiecki, Karol Jan; Kristensen, Martin Hørlyk; Law, Marc T. (2026). "What's in a name? Dynasties, selection, and talent allocation among classical composers". Journal of Economic Growth.
• Mugmon, Matthew (November 2013). "Beyond the Composer-Conductor Dichotomy: Bernstein's Copland-Inspired Mahler Advocacy". Music & Letters. 94 (4): 606–627. doi:10.1093/ml/gct131. JSTOR 24547378. 
• Everist, Mark (2013). "Master and Disciple: Teaching the Composition of Polyphony in the Thirteenth Century". Musica Disciplina. 58: 51–71. JSTOR 24429413. 
• Meyer, Leonard B. (2010). Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52144-2. //books.google.com/books?id=8U2-_3iQb2wC. 
• Piotrowska, Anna G. (Desember 2007). "Modernist Composers and the Concept of Genius / Skladatelji Moderne i pojam genija". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music. 38 (2): 229–242. JSTOR 25487527. 
• Wegman, Rob C. (Autumn 1996). "From Maker to Composer: Improvisation and Musical Authorship in the Low Countries, 1450-1500". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 49 (3): 409–479. doi:10.2307/831769. JSTOR 831769. 
• The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4 Nopember 2016. ISBN 978-1-107-06364-8. https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a6n6. 
• Young, Toby (2024). "Introduction". di dalam Young, Toby. The Cambridge Companion to Composition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-1-108-92373-6. //books.google.com/books?id=q5oKEQAAQBAJ. 
• Ziolkowski, Jan M. (2018). "1. The Composer". The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing of Modernity. 4: Picture That: Making a Show of the Jongleur. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-01-329142-5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8d5t5s.4.