ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืจื‘ื™ื ื

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืจื‘ื™ื ื
ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ4 ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืคื˜ื™ืจื” 422
ื“ืณืงืคืดื‘[1]
ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™-ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื
ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื•ืจื ื‘ืžืชื ืžื—ืกื™ื
ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืจื‘ื, ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืจื‘ ืืฉื™
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื ื”ืจ ืคืงื•ื“
ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืจื‘ ืื—ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื™ื™
ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช

ืจื‘ื™ื ื - ืืžื•ืจื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื–ืงื ื•ืชื• ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื•[2].

ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื—ืจ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื’ืจืช ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื•ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื•ืชื• ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืื‘ ืื• ืกื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืช ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžืœื•[3].

ื—ืžื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื ืื–ื™[4].

ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.

ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื[5] ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืกื™ื“ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื‘ ืืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“" ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื‘ ืืกื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื“ื™ืชื[6].

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœืดื’ ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™, ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช
  2. โ†‘ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกื›ืช ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื“ืฃ ืก"ื’, ืขืžื•ื“ ื'.
  3. โ†‘ ืจืื• ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื“ืฃ ื ', ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘' "ืœื ื ื’ืจ ืื ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืจ ืื ื"
  4. โ†‘ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื, ื“ืฃ ืงื˜"ื•, ืขืžื•ื“ ื' ืืš ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืขืจืš ืื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื ืื–ื™, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืœืจื‘ื ืื™.
  5. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื™ืœืช, ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื”
  6. โ†‘ ื' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•, ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืชืฉ"ื’, ืขืž' 257-242; ื"ืฉ ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ, ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ,ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื™"ื˜, ืขืž' 6 ื•ืื™ืœืš; ื“' ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ, 'ืคืจืงื ื“ืื‘ื™ื™', ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื• (ืชืฉืœ"ื–), ืขืž' 97; ื”ื "ืœ, 'ืขืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™', ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื (ืชืฉ"ืŸ), ืขืž' 156-155

ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจืžืจย ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.