ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ
ืœื™ื“ื” 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1934
ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืคื˜ื™ืจื” 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016 (ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 81) ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช

ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ (ื›"ื ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื”, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1934 โ€“ ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื–, 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016) ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžื—ื ืš, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืกืื™, ืžืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ "ื—ื•ื’ ืฉื“ืžื•ืช" ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืœืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ื”ืงืจื‘", ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืงืข ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1966, ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื“ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”.

ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช "ืฉื™ื— ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื" (1968), ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ "ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื". ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืขื–ื‘ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“, ื•ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื”. ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื•, "ืคืœื’", ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993. ื’ื ืกืคืจื• ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ ืฉืชืœื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืš ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืžื” "ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช" ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™, ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืฉื“ืžื•ืช" ื•ืื•ืจื ื™ื.

ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืจื ื™ื, ืคืจืฉืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืœืžื“ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœืžื›ื™ื ื” ืงื“ื ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืข"ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื“ื ื™ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™, ืชื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื”" ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื• "ืคืจืงื™ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื" ื›ืกืคืจ ื˜ืงืก ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืื’ื“ ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœ"ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื”".

ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืชืžืš ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื "ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื—ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ืง, ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”"[1].

ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016, ื™"ื’ ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืข"ื–, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 82. ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื”.

ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ืื”ืจืŸ, ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ืชืœื ืืจื•ืš, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013
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