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Iverni

Ón VicipĂ©id, an chiclipĂ©id shaor.

Cine ĂĄrsa na hÉireann lonnaithe in iardheisceart na tĂ­re ab ea na hIverni (áŒžÎżÏÎ”ÏÎœÎżÎč, Iouernoi), luaite don chĂ©ad uair riamh sa GeografaĂ­ocht (Î“Î”Ï‰ÎłÏÎ±Ï†ÎčÎșη) le Tolamaes sa 2a haois.[1] Deir sĂ© go raibh cathair darbh ainm Ivernis (áŒžÎżÏ…Î”ÏÎœÎŻÏ‚, Iouernis) laistigh dĂĄ gcrĂ­ocha, agus tugann faoi ndeara gurbh ionann ainm na lonnaĂ­ochta seo agus ainm an oileĂĄin go lĂ©ir, Ivernia (áŒžÎżÏ…Î”ÏÎœÎŻÎ±, Iouernia).[2]

Is iad na hIverni ar cheann desna na ciníocha luaite ag Tolamaes ("Iwernoi" sa léarscåil thuas) ina leabhar, Geografaíocht.

TĂĄ an t-ainm Iverni frĂ©amhaithe Ăłn bPrĂłt-Ind-Eorpais *PiHwerjoHn, "an tĂ­r thorthĂșil". Is dĂłcha gur dtugtaĂ­ trĂĄth an t-ainm Ășd do gach cine na hÉireann, ach faoi rĂ© Tholamaes, bhĂ­odh ciall nĂ­os caoile air, ag lua muintir an iardheiscirt .[3] SamhlaĂ­tear na hIverni Ăł thaobh teangan de leis na hÉrainn (Éraind, Érnai, Érna),[4] dream lĂ©irithe i RĂ­ocht na Mumhan agus in ĂĄiteanna eile sa luath-mheĂĄnaois. Luaitear scaitĂ­ rĂ­teaghlaigh rĂ­oga rĂ©amhstairiĂșil na nÉrann mar na DĂĄirine.[5][6]

Clanna stairiĂșla

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Is lĂ©ir sna drĂ©achta ginealaigh luath-Ghaelacha gur dream ar leith iad na hÉarainn, i dteannta leis na Laigin agus na Cruithne. I measc dreamanna na Mumhan a cheaptar gurbh Érainn iad, faightear:

Meastar fosta gurbh Éarainn iad an DĂĄl Riada agus DĂĄl Fiatach (nĂł Ulaid) i gCĂșige Uladh.

Is amhlaidh gur dhream cumhachtach iad na hÉarainn le linn na rĂ© rĂ©amhstairiĂșla, ach ina dhiaidh sin fĂĄgadh iad ar an imeall, seachas go suntasach na hOsraĂ­ diamhra. BhĂ­ meas Ă©igin fĂłs ag Corc Laidhe, sliocht is tĂĄbhachtaĂ­ Érainn na Mumhan, fiĂș tar Ă©is Ă©irĂ­ anĂ­os na hEoghanachta sa 7Ăș nĂł 8Ăș haois.[7] Is dĂłcha Ă© gur sliocht na nÉrann/DĂĄirine Ăł thĂșs ab ea an chlann scaitĂ­-cumhachtach UĂ­ LiathĂĄin agus a ngaolta fola an chlann UĂ­ Fidgenti, agus airĂ­odh iad mĂ­osa dĂ©anaĂ­ mar Eoghanachta ar cĂșiseanna polaitiĂșla.[8][9]

Creidtear gur luathdhream suntasach eile Éarainn na Munster ab ea na Mairtine, a bhĂ­ imithe as radharc ag tĂșs na rĂ© luatstairiĂșla, cĂ© gur shinsir DĂ©isi Tuaiscirt agus DĂĄl gCais iad b'fhĂ©idir.[10] D'fhĂ©adfadh Ă© gur shinsir na nDĂ©isi Muman iad na hÉarainn, ach nĂ­ltear ar aon ghuth maidir le seo le tamall fada.

DĂĄire: Darini, DĂĄirine

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Is an-dĂłcha Ă© go raibh gaol ann idir na hIverni agus na Darini as oirthear CĂșige Uladh.[11] Tugann an t-ainm "Darini" gaol le DĂĄire, (*Darios),[4] mar a maĂ­gh roinnt dreamanna stairiĂșla aitheanta mar Érainn, san ĂĄireamh na DĂĄl Riata agus DĂĄl Fiatach in oirthear cĂșige Uladh[12] chomh maith le bÉrainn na Mumhan.

DĂșn Droma DĂĄirine ab ea bunainm ar DhĂșn Droma, Contae an DĂșin; agus DĂĄirine an t-ainm a glaodh ar na Corcu LoĂ­gde, rudaĂ­ sa bhreis a chuireann gaol in iĂșl idir na Darini agus na hIverni.[4]

Érainn: Clanna Dedad

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RianaĂ­onn ginealaigh na nGael fuil na nÉarann as beirt shinsear Ă©agsĂșil, Ailill Éarann agus Íar mac Dedad — leagan eile is ea Iar den fhrĂ©amh atĂĄ sna hainmneacha Iverni agus Érainn. I measc mhuintir seanscĂ©alach Ailealla, tĂĄ Cland Dedad (Deda mac Sin), dream na Mumhan sa RĂșraĂ­ocht faoi cheannas ChĂș Raoi mhic DhĂĄire mhic Dedad, agus Ard-RĂ­ seanscĂ©alach na hÉireann, Conaire MĂłr, garmhac Iair agus sinsear SĂ­l Conairi. Is amhlaidh go bhfuil an chlann stairiĂșil UĂ­ Mhic Iair agus na MAQI IARI le feiceĂĄil ar na hinscrĂ­bhinnĂ­ Oghaim.[13][14]

Ar deireadh, tugtar sna ginealaigh an t-ainm Íth mar bhunshinsear Chorcu LoĂ­gde (DĂĄirine), agus cuireann sin mearbhall ar a sinsearacht agus a ngaol leis na hIverni. I ndĂĄirĂ­re, caomhnaĂ­tear ann an fhrĂ©amh Ind-Eorpais chĂ©anna, *peiH- ("bheith ramhar, borradh"),[15] agus leis sin bunscĂ©al iomlĂĄn na nIverni/Érainn agus a muintire.

Teoiric teangan UĂ­ Raithile

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Is teanga hipitĂ©iseach Ă­ Ibheirnis a mhol T. F. O'Rahilly, gur theanga P-Ceiltis (is dĂłcha Briotainic) neamhfhianaithe Ă­ a labhraĂ­tĂ­ in Éirinn roimh an nGaeilge. Mhol sĂ© gur labhair na hIverni an teanga seo (agus dĂĄ bharr a hainm), agus gur lonnaigh siad in Éirinn Ăłn Bhreatain. D'aithin O'Rahilly dhĂĄ fhocal i Sanas Cormaic frĂ©amhaithe Ăłn Ibheirnis: ond, "cloch"; agus fern, "aon rud maith".[16]

BrĂ©agnaĂ­odh an teoiric seo agus dĂĄ bharr nĂ­ ghlactar Ă­ go forleathan i measc scolĂĄirĂ­.[17][18][19] Lena chois sin, is lĂ©ir go raibh Gaeilis ĂĄ labhairt ag na hIverni, Ăłir go bhfuil inscrĂ­bhinnĂ­ Oghaim as Gaeilge Chianach is flĂșirsĂ­ i gContaetha CorcaĂ­ agus CiarraĂ­.[20]

FĂ©ach freisin

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FoinsĂ­

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  • Herm, Gerhard (2002). "The Celts". St. Martin's Press. 
  • Quiggin, Edmund (1911). "Ireland § Early History" . EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. 14 (11Ăș eag.), lch. 757.
  • J.-J. Tierney, The Greek geographic tradition and Ptolemy's evidence for Irish geography, in ARÉ Proc., Ixxxvi (1976) cuid C, ll. 257–265
  • Theodore William Moody, A New History of Ireland, lch. 140, Oxford University Press, 1976
  • Nora Kershaw Chadwick, The Celts, Pelican Books, 1970
  • C. Thomas Cairney, Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland, An Ethnography of the Gael, AD 500 – 1750, McFarland & Company Inc, Publishers ISBN 0-89950-362-4
  • T. F. O'Rahilly, Irish Dialects, Past and Present, 1932
  • T. F. O'Rahilly, The Goidals and Their Predecessors, Londain, The British Academy, 1935
  • C. F. C. Hawkes, Pytheas: Europe and the Greek Explorers, Oxford University Press, 1977
  • John Haywood, Atlas historique des Celtes, aistr. Colette StĂ©vanovitch, Ă©ditions Autrement, coll. Atlas/MĂ©moires, Paris, 2002, ISBN 2-7467-0187-1.
  • Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, Londain, 1973 ISBN 0-7134-5882-8
  • Duffy, SeĂĄn (eag.), Atlas of Irish History. Gill & Macmillan, Baile Átha Cliath, 2a heagrĂĄn, 2000 ISBN 0-7171-3093-2
  • Nora Chadwick, The Celts, Pelican Books, 1971
  • C. Thomas. Cairney, Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland – An Ethnography of the Gael AD 500–1750, Willow Bend Books, 1989.
  • Richard Bradley, The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-84811-3, ISBN 978-0-521-84811-4
  • T. M. Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-36395-0, ISBN 978-0-521-36395-2
  • Barry Raftery, Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age, Thames and Hudson, 1998 ISBN 0-500-27983-7
  • Lloyd Robert Laing, The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, C. AD 400–1200: C. AD 400 – 1200, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-83862-2

TagairtĂ­

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  1. ↑ Tolamaes, GeografaĂ­ocht. 2.2.6 (eag. K. MĂŒller [Paris 1883–1901])
  2. ↑ Tol, Geog, 2.2.9; 8.3.4
  3. ↑ John T. Koch, Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2005, lch. 709
  4. 1 2 3 O'Rahilly, T. F. (1946). "Early Irish History and Mythology". InstitiĂșid Ard-LĂ©inn Bhaile Átha Cliath.
  5. ↑ Dáirine, Dáire-ne, ar eDIL
  6. ↑ O'Rahilly, ll. 7, 189
  7. ↑ Charles Doherty, "Érainn", in Seán Duffy (eag.), Medieval Ireland: an encyclopedia, 2005, CRC Press, ll. 156–157
  8. ↑ John V. Kelleher, "The Rise of the Dál Cais", in Étienne Rynne (eag.), North Munster Studies: Essays in Commemoration of Monsignor Michael Moloney. Luimneach: Thomond Archaeological Society. 1967, ll. 230–41.
  9. ↑ Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Ireland before the Vikings. Baile Átha Cliath: Gill and Macmillan. 1972.
  10. ↑ Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, "Ireland, 400–800", in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (eag.), A New History of Ireland (Volume 1): Prehistoric and Early Ireland. Oxford University Press. 2005, lch. 222
  11. ↑ le haghaidh dianphlĂ©, dreach Julius Pokorny, "BeitrĂ€ge zur Ă€ltesten Geschichte Irlands (3. Érainn, DĂĄri(n)ne und die Iverni und Darini des PtolomĂ€us)", in Zeitschrift fĂŒr celtische Philologie 12 (1918), ll. 323–57.
  12. ↑ Donnchadh Ó Corráin, "Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland", in R. F. Foster (eag.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland, Oxford University Press, 2001
  13. ↑ Eoin Mac NĂ©ill, "Early Irish Population Groups: their nomenclature, classification and chronology", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (C) 29, 1911, ll. 59–114
  14. ↑ Mac NĂ©ill, 1911
  15. ↑ John T. Koch (eag.), Ériu, Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2006, ll. 709–18
  16. ↑ O'Rahilly, T. F. (1946). "Early Irish History and Mythology". InstitiĂșid Ard-LĂ©inn Bhaile Átha Cliath.
  17. ↑ Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.750
  18. ↑ Martin Ball and James Fife. The Celtic Languages. Psychology Press, 1993, lch.75
  19. ↑ MacEoin, Gearóid. "What language was spoken in Ireland before Irish?", in The Celtic Languages in Contact. Potsdam University Press, 2007, lch. 116
  20. ↑ John T. Koch, "Ériu, Alba and Letha: When was a Language Ancestral to Gaelic First Spoken in Ireland?", Emania 9, 1991, ll. 17–27
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