Procolophonomorpha
| Procolophonomorphs Temporal range: Gzhelian - Late Triassic, | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Kapes bentoni (Procolophonidae) | |
 | |
| Scutosaurus (Pareiasauria) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Subclass: | †Parareptilia |
| Order: | †Procolophonomorpha Romer, 1964 |
| Subgroups | |
Procolophonomorpha is a proposed order containing most groups included within the traditional "Parareptilia," a grouping of stem reptiles that is now considered polyphyletic. Procolophonomorpha[1] constitutes a diverse assemblage that includes several lizard-like forms, and more diverse types such as the pareiasaurs, which were considered to be turtle ancestors by earlier studies[2][3][4]. Still, this view is no longer considered likely, and there is both molecular and fossil (Pappochelys) evidence for the origin of turtles among diapsid, and more specifically archosauromorph reptiles[5][6]. The validity of Procolophonomorpha as defined has been debated by recent studies.
Classification
[edit]Many papers have applied various definitions to the name, though most of these definitions have since been considered synonymous with clades such as Ankyramorpha[7] and Procolophonia. The current definition of Procolophonomorpha, as defined by Modesto, Scott, & Reisz (2009), is that of a stem-based group containing Procolophon and all taxa more closely related to it than Milleretta.
The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of MacDougall and Reisz (2014)[8] and shows the placement of Procolophonomorpha within Parareptilia and its interrelationships. Relationships within bolded terminal clades are not shown.[9]
| Parareptilia |
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References
[edit]- ↑ Modesto, Sean P.; Scott, Diane M.; Reisz, Robert R. (January 2009). "A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (1). NRC Research Press: 9–20. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46....9M. doi:10.1139/E09-001. ISSN 0008-4077.
- ↑ Lee, Michael S. Y. (1995). "Historical Burden In Systematics And The Interrelationships Of 'Parareptiles'". Biological Reviews. 70 (3): 459–547. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1995.tb01197.x. ISSN 1469-185X.
- ↑ Lee, Michael S. Y. (1996). "The Homologies and Early Evolution of the Shoulder Girdle in Turtles". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 263 (1366). Royal Society: 111–117. ISSN 0962-8452. JSTOR 50458.
- ↑ LEE, MICHAEL S. Y. (1997-07-01). "Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (3): 197–280. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01279.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ↑ Jenkins, Xavier A.; Peecook, Brandon R.; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Buffa, Valentin; Benoit, Julien; Browning, Claire; Fernandez, Vincent; Dollman, Kathleen; Gomes, Timothy W.; McGaughey, Gary A.; Marchant, Cy J.; Fitch, Adam J.; Day, Michael O.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2026-06-08). "The phylogenetic origin of turtles". Current Biology. 36 (11). Elsevier: 2907–2917.e2. Bibcode:2026CBio...36.2907J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.04.070. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 42208530.
- ↑ Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33) eabq1898. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
- ↑ Debraga, Michael; Reisz, Robert R. (1996-09-19). "The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (3). Taylor & Francis: 384–395. Bibcode:1996JVPal..16..384D. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011328. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ MacDougall, Mark J.; Reisz, Robert R. (2014-11-01). "The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 616–630. doi:10.1111/zoj12180. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ↑ Mark J. MacDougall and Robert R. Reisz (2014). "The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 616–630. doi:10.1111/zoj.12180.
External links
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