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177P/Barnard

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177P/Barnard
Discovery[1]
Discovered byEdward Emerson Barnard
Discovery siteLick Observatory
Discovery date24 June 1889
Designations
P/1889 M1
P/2006 M3
  • Barnard 2[2]
  • 1889 III, 1889c[3]
Orbital characteristics[4][5]
Epoch21 November 2025 (JD 2461000.5)
Observation arc117.47 years
Number of
observations		1,911
Aphelion47.848 AU
Perihelion1.125 AU
Semi-major axis24.502 AU
Eccentricity0.95408
Orbital period~121 years
Inclination30.959°
271.59°
Argument of
periapsis		61.043°
Mean anomaly57.092°
Last perihelion28 August 2006
Next perihelion13 April 2127[6][7]
TJupiter1.317
Earth MOID0.310 AU
Jupiter MOID0.349 AU
Comet total
magnitude (M1)		15.7
Comet nuclear
magnitude (M2)		18.3

Comet 177P/Barnard, also known as Barnard 2, is a Halley-type comet with an orbital period of 122 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with (20 years < period < 200 years).[4] It orbits near the ecliptic plane and has aphelion near the Kuiper cliff at 48 AU (7.2 billion km).

The comet, also designated P/2006 M3, was discovered by Edward Emerson Barnard on 24 June 1889, and was re-discovered after 116 years.[8] On July 19, 2006, 177P came within 0.366 AU (54.8 million km) of Earth.[4][9] From late July through September 2006 it was slightly brighter than expected at 8th magnitude[10] in the constellations Hercules and then Draco. Perihelion was August 28, 2006. It was last observed in December 2006 when it was about 2 AU (300 million km) from the Sun.[4]

The only numbered comets with an orbital period longer than 177P/Barnard are: 153P/Ikeya–Zhang (365 years), 273P/Pons–Gambart (188 years), 35P/Herschel–Rigollet (155 years), and 109P/Swift-Tuttle (133 years).

Of Barnard's other two periodic comets, the first, D/1884 O1 (Barnard 1) was last seen on November 20, 1884, and is thought to have disintegrated. The last, 206P/Barnard–Boattini marked the beginning of a new era in cometary astronomy, as it was the first to be discovered by photography. It was a lost comet after 1892, until accidentally rediscovered on 7 October 2008, by Andrea Boattini.

A 2011 study proposed that 177P/Barnard may have been one of two progenitor bodies of the Kappa Cygnids meteor shower alongside C/1905 F1 (Giacobini).[11] However, orbital reconstructions show that it is more associated with the asteroid 361861 (2008 ED69) instead.[12]

References

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  1. ↑ E. E. Barnard (1889). "Discovery and Observations of Comet 1889...(Barnard June 23)". Astronomische Nachrichten. 122: 115. Bibcode:1889AN....122R.115B.
  2. ↑ "Periodic Comet Names and Designations". Planetary Data System: Small Body Node. NASA. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  3. ↑ "Comet Names and Designations". International Comet Quarterly. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "177P/Barnard – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  5. ↑ "177P/Barnard Orbit". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  6. ↑ Syuichi Nakano (1 October 2006). "177P/Barnard 2 (NK 1369)". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  7. ↑ "Horizons Batch for 177P/Barnard on 2127-Apr-13" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 29 April 2023. (JPL#29/Soln.date: 2021-Apr-15)
  8. ↑ Naoyuki Kurita. "Comet Barnard 2 on Aug 4, 2006". Stellar Scenes. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  9. ↑ "177P/Barnard". Kazuo Kinoshita. 18 November 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  10. ↑ Seiichi Yoshida (calculated by Kazuo Kinoshita). "177P/Barnard 2". Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  11. ↑ E. N. Tikhomirova (2011). "To the problem of meteoroid stream research". Yaroslavskij Pedagogicheskij Vestnik. 3 (3): 28–33. Bibcode:2011YarPV...3c..28T.
  12. ↑ P. Jenniskens; J. Vaubaillon (2008). "Minor Planet 2008 ED69 and the Kappa Cygnid Meteor Shower". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (2): 725–730. Bibcode:2008AJ....136..725J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/725.
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