Muhammedove supruge
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Za Muhammeda, posljednjeg islamskog poslanka, se kaže da je imao ukupno trinaest žena. Kao znak poštovanja, muslimani svaku od ovih žena nazivaju titulom "Umm al-Muʾminīn" (arapski: أُمّ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين, doslovno "Majka pravovjernih"; množina: arapski: أُمَّهَات ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين), što je izvedeno iz ajeta 33:6 Kur'ana.[3]
Izvori navode različite brojeve (11-19) na osnovu narativa o Muhammedovim brakovima. Ali Dashti navodi 23 Muhamedovih žena, koje dijeli u tri kategorije. Dvije od njih bile su konkubine, a četiri žene koje poklonjene Muhammedu, osim konkubina i supruga koje su mu bile dozvoljene posljednjim dijelom 49. ajeta sure El-Ahzab.[4] Devet Muhamedovih supruga preživjelo je nakon njega.[5] Aiša, koja je postala poznata kao Muhamedova omiljena supruga u sunitskoj tradiciji, nadživjela ga je decenijama i bila je ključna u prikupljanju raštrkanih Muhamedovih izreka koje čine hadisku literaturu za sunitsku granu islama.[6]
Muhammedov prvi brak bio je s Hatidžom bint Huvejlid 595, kada je on imao 25, a ona 28 ili 41 godinu. Bila mu je jedina supruga sve dok njena smrt 619. (Godina tuge) nije okončala njihov 24-godišnji brak.[7] Nakon Hatidže, Muhammed je oženio deset žena: Sevdu bint Zama 619; Aišu bint Ebu-Bekr 620; Hafsu bint Omer, Zejneb bint Huzajme i Hind bint Ebi Umeje 625; Zejneb bint Džahš 627; Džuvejrija bint Haris i Remla bint Ebu-Sufjan 628; te Safija bint Hujej i Mejmuna bint Haris 629. Osim toga, statusi Rejhane bint Amr i Marije Kibtije su sporni, jer postoji neslaganje među muslimanskim učenjacima o tome da li su bile konkubine ili supruge. S izuzetkom Aiše, sve ove žene su prethodno bile udovice ili razvedene. Uobičajeno mišljenje među sunitskim muslimanima je da je Muhammed imao sedmero biološke djece (tri sina i četiri kćeri) i da su sva osim jednog rođena s Hatidžom između 598. i 611. ili 615. Marija je Muhamedu rodila sina 630. (njegovo sedmo dijete), ali nijedan od njegovih sinova nije preživio do odrasle dobi.
Tradicionalno, dvije epohe opisuju Muhammedov život i karijeru: Mekka prije Hidžre između 570. i 622; i Medina nakon Hidžre između 622. i njegove smrti 632. "Hidžra" se odnosi na Muhamedovu migraciju, zajedno s ranim muslimanima, iz Mekke u Medinu zbog progona ranih muslimana od strane Mekkanaca. Svi osim dva njegova braka sklopljeni su nakon ove migracije.
Porodični život
[uredi | uredi izvor]Muhammed i njegova porodica živjeli su u malim stanovima pored džamije u Medini. Svaki od njih bio je širok 1,7 m i dug 2,3 m, a visina plafona bila je jednaka visini prosječnog čovjeka koji stoji. Ćebad su korištena kao zavjese za zaklanjanje vrata.[8] Prema izvještaju Enesa ibn Malika, jednog od Muhamedovih ashaba: "Poslanik je posjećivao sve svoje žene u krugu, tokom dana i noći, a bilo ih je jedanaest". Pitao sam Enesa: "Je li Poslanik imao snage za to?" Enes je odgovorio: "Govorili smo da je Poslaniku data snaga trideset (muškaraca)". A Sa'id je, na osnovu Katadinog autoriteta, rekao da mu je Enes rekao samo o devet žena (ne jedanaest).[9][10]
Iako su Muhammedove žene imale poseban status među ranim muslimanima, on im nije dozvolio da koriste njegov status poslanika kako bi dobile poseban tretman u javnosti.[11]
Hronologija brakova
[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vertikalne linije na grafiku označavaju, hronološkim redom, početak poslanstva, Hidžru i Bitku na Bedru.
Također pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]Bilješke
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ↑ Jevrejka koja je ostala udovica i uzeta za sluškinju nakon opsade Banu Kurejze 627; neki muslimani su je smatrali suprugom.[1]
- ↑ Egipćanka koju je, zajedno sa njenom sestrom Sirin bint Šamun, poslana Muhammedu kao poklon egipatskog guvernera Al-Mukavkisa 628. Njen status kao supruge ili konkubine nije jasan.[1] Sirin je bila udata za pjesnika Hassana ibn Tabita i rodila mu sina, Abdurahmana ibn Hassana.[2]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- 1 2 Bennett, Clinton, ured. (1998). In Search of Muhammad. A & C Black. str. 251. ISBN 9780304704019.
- ↑ Tabari, p. 131.
- ↑ Aleem, Shamim (2007). "12 - Mothers of Believers". Prophet Muhammad(s) and His Family. AuthorHouse. str. 85. ISBN 978-1-4343-2357-6.
- ↑ Omm Sharik, of the Daws tribe, was one of four women who gave themselves to the Prophet. In addition to contractual wives and concubines, there were some women in the Prophet's harem who fell into this third category. Marriage to contractual wives, up to the limit of four, requires formalities such as the provision of dower, the presence of witnesses, and the approval of the woman's father or other guardian. Concubinage with slave-women is permissible to Moslems if the woman's husband was a polytheist or other unbeliever. For the Prophet only, marriage to a woman who gave herself was permitted by the last part of verse 49 of sura 33 (ol-Ahztib). The other three women who gave themselves to the Prophet were Maymuna, Zaynab, and Khawla. https://1400years.com/books/twentythreeyearsEN.pdf
- ↑ Barbara Freyer Stowasser, Wives of the Prophet, Encyclopedia of the Quran.
- ↑ Watt,"Aisha bint Abu Bakr", Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
- ↑ Mubārakfūrī, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān (2002). The Sealed Nectar - Biography of the Noble Prophet (jezik: engleski). Darussalam Publishers. ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8.
- ↑ Numani, pp. 259–260
- ↑ Šablon:Hadith-usc: Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night and they were eleven in number". I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)". And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven)".
- ↑ Muhammad al-Bukhari. "Hadith collection Sahih Bukhari / Volume 7 / Book 62 / Hadith 142". quranx.com. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2020.
- ↑ Ramadan (2007), pp. 168–169
Dodatna literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]Muhammedove supruge
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Al-Shati, Bint (decembar 2006). The wives of the Prophet. Matti Moosa (trans.), D. Nicholas Ranson. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-398-0.
Žene u Islamu
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Freyer Stowasser, Barbara (1996). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511148-4.
- Mernissi, Fatima (1991). The Veil and the Male Elite – A Feminist Interpretation of Women's Rights in Islam. Addison-Wesley (now Perseus Books Group). ISBN 9780201632217.
originally published 1987 in French, 1991 english translation, Paperback 1993
- Khadduri, Majid (1978). "Marriage in Islamic Law - The Modernist Viewpoints". American Journal of Comparative Law. The American Society of Comparative Law. 26 (2): 213–218. doi:10.2307/839669. JSTOR 839669.
Opća literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Ibn Mājah, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (2007). English Translation of Sunan Ibn Majah with Commentary (jezik: engleski). Riyadh: Darussalam Publishers. ISBN 978-9960-9881-3-9.
- al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr (1997). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 8, The Victory of Islam – Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626–630/A.H. 5-8 (jezik: engleski). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3150-4.
- Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl (1997). Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī, The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari – Arabic-English (jezik: arapski i engleski). 1. Darussalam Publishers. ISBN 9960-717-32-1.
- Garst, Karen L. (2018). Women v. Religion: The Case Against Faith – and for Freedom (jezik: engleski). Pitchstone Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63431-171-7.
- Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad (jezik: engleski). Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3998-7.
- Rinehart, Christine Sixta (2019). Sexual Jihad: The Role of Islam in Female Terrorism (jezik: engleski). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4985-5752-8.
- Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century – A Global History (jezik: engleski). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51441-5.
- Phipps, William E. (1999). Muhammad and Jesus – A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings. Continuum. str. 142. ISBN 978-0826412072.
- Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet – Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam – A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11553-2.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003b). The Monotheists – Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11461-7. ASIN: B0012385Z6.
- Peterson, Daniel (2007). Muhammad, Prophet of God. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam – The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511233-4.
- Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad – A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-636033-1.
- Wessels, Antonie (1972). A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad - a critical study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Ḥayāt Muḥammad. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03415-0.
- Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1976). The Life of Muhammad.
- Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad – his life based on the earliest sources. Inner traditions international.
- al-Mubarakpuri, Safi ur Rahman (1979). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum. Muslim World League.
- Nomani, Shibli (1970). Sirat Al-Nabi. Pakistan Historical Society.
- Reeves, Minou (2003). Muhammad in Europe – A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7564-6.
- Rodinson, Maxime (1971). Muhammad. Allen Lane the Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-86064-827-4.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-577286-5.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars – The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781851099481.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1974). Muhammad – Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-881078-4.
- Tabari (1997). Vol. 8 of the Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk. State University of New York Press.
