Leucoxene
A mixture of two or more distinct mineral species
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About Leucoxene
A fine grained alteration product of various Ti minerals including titanite, perovskite, titanian magnetite, and especially ilmenite. Most 'leucoxene' comprises anatase or rutile, but pseudorutile, brookite, titanite and other minerals may be included.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
6174
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:6174:8
IMA Classification of Leucoxene
Discredited
Approval history:
Discredit 2006-C (mixture of Fe and Ti minerals)
Synonyms of Leucoxene
Other Language Names for Leucoxene
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 36 photos of Leucoxene associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 18 photos of Leucoxene associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 18 photos of Leucoxene associated with Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 16 photos of Leucoxene associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 8 photos of Leucoxene associated with Digenite | Cu9S5 |
| 7 photos of Leucoxene associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 6 photos of Leucoxene associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 6 photos of Leucoxene associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 4 photos of Leucoxene associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 4 photos of Leucoxene associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Leucoxene
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-6174.html
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References for Leucoxene
Reference List:
Cathrein, A. (1882) XIX. Mittheilungen aus dem mineralogischen Laboratorium des Polytechnikums zu Karlsruhe. I. Ueber Titaneisen, Leukoxen und Titanomorphit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 6 (1). 244-256 doi:10.1524/zkri.1882.6.1.244
Localities for Leucoxene
Showing 641 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| ... |
Antarctica | |
| Browne |
| Dewar (1970) |
| Hawkes |
| Edited by Rowley +1 other reference |
| Goldring (1962) |
Argentina | |
| Grundmann et al. (2018) |
| |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Rabone (2010) |
| Leslie et al. (2017) |
| Staubmann et al. (2025) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Ryan (1961) |
| Wyatt (1972) |
| Archibald (1993) | |
| Schmid +2 other references |
| Sharrad (2012) |
| Clerk (2004) |
| Nickel et al. (1987) |
| Ahmad et al. (2013) |
| Economic Geology of Australia and papua ... |
| Graham-Ruzicka (2014) |
| Paul (2010) | |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Edwards et al. (1953) |
| Nethery et al. (1998) |
| P.A. Wulser - in the South Australian ... |
| Stephen Mudge & Mark Teakle (2003) |
| www.minerals.pir.sa.gov.au (2009) | |
| Thompson (1970) |
| Lintern et al. (1999) |
| Thiry et al. (1991) |
| Tiddy et al. (2021) |
| Bottrill & Bacon in prep |
| McPherson et al. (2026) |
| McPherson et al. (2026) |
| ... |
| Fetherston (2010) |
| Astro Resources NL (2012) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Fetherston (2010) |
| Fetherston (2010) | |
| Fetherston (2010) | |
| Fetherston (2010) | |
| Masters (1990) |
| Iluka Resources Limited (2012) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| www.tronox.com (2001) |
| McCuiag (1997) |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Brenner et al. (2025) | |
| Mock (1987) |
| Brauhart et al. (2000) |
| www.imageres.com.au (2002) |
| www.sheffieldresources.com.au (2013) | |
| Witt et al. (1997) |
| Booth (1989) |
| Hollis et al. (2017) |
| - (1903) +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Witt et al. (1997) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1951) | |
| Hou et al. (2011) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Douglas GB et al. (1993) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Examiner newspaper (2016) |
| www.strandline.com.au (2015) |
| www.sheffieldresources.com.au (2013) |
| www.sheffieldresources.com.au (2013) | |
| Yeats et al. (2001) |
| Disseminated and Massive Nickel ... +2 other references |
| Grguric et al. (2013) | |
| Jaques et al. (1986) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Feuerbach et al. (1969) |
| Michael Waitzinger et al. (2021) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Plöchinger (1967) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Hackenberg (2003) |
| Spengler (1920) |
| Vohryzka (1968) |
Bangladesh | |
| UGSG MRDS ISM0710 |
Belgium | |
| Fransolet et al. (1977) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1982) +3 other references |
| Dehove et al. (2006) |
Bolivia | |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 (1992) |
Brazil | |
| Teixeira et al. (2001) |
| Teixeira et al. (2001) | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1980) |
| Jost et al. (2001) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
| NetunoVillas et al. (2001) |
| Santos et al. (2001) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
| Georgieva et al. (2023) |
| Milenkov et al. (2022) |
Canada | |
| the world's largest besshi-type ... +1 other reference |
| Soregaroli (1968) |
| ... |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Syme et al. (1993) |
| - (2022) |
| Chi et al. (2002) |
| Cullen et al. (2017) |
| Papezik (1967) |
| Padgham et al. (1991) |
| Kontak et al. (1996) |
| Robertson (1976) |
| Bath (1990) |
| Bath (1990) | |
| Bath (1990) |
| Bath (1990) | |
| Hawley et al. (1962) |
| Colvine (1974) |
| Moorhouse W. W. (1942) | |
| Katz et al. (2025) |
| G.P. Beakhouse et al. (1996) |
| Kowalski et al. (2018) |
| Wilson et al. (2013) |
| Boyle (1968) +1 other reference |
| Ontario Bureau of Mines +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1974) |
| Kishida et al. (1987) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Gaboury et al. (2021) |
| Krushnisky et al. (2023) |
| Smith (2021) |
| Stevenson (1934) |
| Lauzière (1989) |
| SIGEOM systeme d'information geominiere ... +1 other reference | |
| Power Ore Inc. |
| Allard |
| Vollo (1959) | |
| Bouchard (2017) |
| Ng et al. (2013) |
| Olade et al. (1979) |
| Lee et al. (2025) |
| McDonald et al. (NTS 105 D/3, 6) | |
Chile | |
| WARREN (2005) |
| Schira et al. (1990) |
| Anglo American plc |
China | |
| Xikun Chen (1987) |
| Huihuang Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Yang et al. (2022) |
| Zilong Wu (2003) |
| Zhaolin Li et al. (1983) |
| Xiangxin Gao (2001) |
| Shouquan Zhu (2001) |
| Luo et al. (2026) | |
| Yaqiao Huang (1980) |
| Peters et al. (2002) |
| Zhang et al. (2026) |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Qianwen Cao and Yaowu Ren (1990) |
| Yingfu Zhao (2004) |
| Baocheng Zhang (1987) |
| Fujun Zai et al. (1998) |
| Ruishen Ma et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) | |
| Meizhen Yang et al. (2011) |
| Fangshi Zhen et al. (2008) |
| Siwei He and Minyun Sun (1986) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Nie et al. (1994) |
| Bingjian Xiao (2000) |
| Youbin Liang (1981) |
| Yantian Guo and Guangming Tian (1979) |
| Yantian Guo and Guangming Tian (1979) | |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) | |
| Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) |
| Jianxiang Xu et al. (2007) |
| Mousong Chen (1996) |
| Yanchen Yang et al. (2004) |
| Shuhuan Hou and Jianjun Jiang (2005) |
| Hongyu Li et al. (2010) |
| Guolian Duan (1998) |
| Zhanmei Du and Xiangping Dong (2011) |
| Ganggeng Wei et al. (2000) |
| Xingtai Li (1989) |
| Weimin Zhang and Jinping Hu (2007) |
| Yun Zhou et al. (2009) |
| Dianhao Huang et al. (1984) |
| Yuanchao Shen et al. (2001) |
| Cuizhi Wang (1997) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Yanchen Yang et al. (2001) |
| Qingmin Jin et al. (1992) |
| Changbi Li (1991) |
| Chunhong Wang et al. (2006) |
| Ziyi Wan (1986) |
| Fuquan Yang et al. (2007) |
| Debao Mao et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Xiao Huiliang et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Lianhui Dong and Changlie Tian (2001) |
| IAEA Technical Document 1396 (2004) |
| Baiyou Chen et al. (2002) |
| Hai Zhang et al. (2009) |
| Cromie et al. (2003) |
Colombia | |
| Castellanos-Alarcón et al. (2016) |
Cuba | |
| Costafreda et al. (2024) |
| Costafreda et al. (2024) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Pašava et al. (2015) |
| Sekanina |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Stemprok et al. (2014) |
DR Congo | |
| Cailteux et al. (2005) |
| Cailteux et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Ecuador | |
| Embley et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Tarek et al. (2009) |
El Salvador | |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
Eritrea | |
| Bucca (1892) |
Europe | |
| Ferenc Š. & Rojkovič I. (2001) |
Finland | |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Jupperi Aarre 1997. The magnetite ... |
France | |
| Parneix et al. (1982) |
| François Périnet |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| P.G. Pelisson : "Etude Mineralogique et ... |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) | |
| Périnet (n.d.) | |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| BRGM (1980) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) | |
| |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Pochon et al. (2018) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Maurizot et al. (2020) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| heavy sands collected by Serge Nénert ... |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| Pierrot et al. (1977) |
| Heavy sands collected by Charles Nicolas |
| BRGM (2000) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France ... |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... | |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... | |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| Heavy sands collected by Christian ... |
| |
| Beaufort et al. (1985) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) +1 other reference |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) | |
Germany | |
| Frenzel (1953) |
| Frenzel (1953) |
| Collection of Volker Betz | |
| Frenzel (1953) |
| Frenzel (1953) |
| Habel (2007) |
| Laubmann et al. (1915) |
| Dill & Weiser (1981) |
Ghana | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2003) |
| Economic Geology May 1 |
Greece | |
| Franz et al. (1992) |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Földessy et al. (2008) |
| Józsa (2024) |
India | |
| CHALAPATHI RAO (2004) |
| B.V. Govinda Rajulu and M.J. Chandrasekhara Gowda (1972) |
| Chalapathi Rao (2006) |
| Chalapathi Rao (2006) | |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Prichard et al. (2018) |
Indonesia | |
| Schwartz (1990) |
| Maryono et al. (2018) |
| Lianshun Feng (1996) |
Ireland | |
| Ixer |
| Duane (1988) |
Italy | |
| Puxeddu (1971) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Bertrand et al. (1987) |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Tucci (1988) |
Japan | |
| Okuno (1964) |
| Yotaro Seki (1973) |
| Moon Young Kim (1981) |
| Kato (1922) |
| Kato (1922) | |
| Kato (1922) | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Suiekpayev et al. (2019) |
| Portnov et al. (2025) |
| Togizov et al. (2023) |
| Ваулин (2016) |
| Ваулин (2016) |
| Suiekpayev et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Madagascar | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2011) |
Mali | |
| Soro (2019) |
| Wane et al. (2021) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| Charoy et al. (1984) |
| American Mineralogist 28:257-271 |
| Canet et al. (2009) |
Mongolia | |
| Gerel +2 other references |
| Seltmann et al. (2004) |
| Seltmann et al. (2004) |
| Seltmann et al. (2004) | |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
| Maya Gold and Silver |
Mozambique | |
| Pathfinder Minerals plc |
| Pathfinder Minerals plc | |
New Zealand | |
| Cole (1970) |
| Pirajno (1980) |
| de Ronde +17 other references |
| Osborne Hutton (1944) |
| Simpson et al. (2001) |
| Collar et al. (1985) |
| Chambefort et al. (2017) | |
| Fraser (1910) |
Nicaragua | |
| Lipson et al. (2024) |
North Korea | |
| Takeo Kato: "Two Types of Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite Deposits Found in Korea." (9 pp) |
| Kim (1994) |
Norway | |
| Bugge (1951) |
| Van Autenboer et al. (1957) |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
| Lindah et al. (1985) |
| Grenne (1989) |
| Carstens (1965) |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (2022) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Dugmore et al. (1998) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Harmony Gold |
| Nelson et al. (1988) | |
Peru | |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Kobe (1990) |
Philippines | |
| Elveta et al. (1990) |
| Oberthür et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| - (In Polish) +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Sachanbiński et al. (2000) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
Portugal | |
| Gaspar et al. (2022) |
Russia | |
| Rozhdestvina et al. (2024) |
| Rakhimov et al. (2022) |
| Kovalev et al. (2006) |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
| Vikentyev et al. (2025) | |
| Rakhimov et al. (2022) |
| Nordgold |
| Zhmodik et al. (2023) |
| Am Min 90:1402-1412 (deposit item) |
| Alekseev et al. (2007) |
| Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals) |
| Amplieva (2008) |
| Ikonnikova et al. (2009) |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| Gurbanov et al. (2008) |
| Chernykh et al. (2024) |
| Korostelev et al. (2016) |
| Moralev et al. (2005) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
| Mordberg (2004) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
| Sluzhenikin et al. (2015) |
| Solodov et al. (2006) |
| Volkov et al. (2016) |
| Kravtsova et al. (2016) | |
| Savva et al. (2014, June) |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Пекин (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) |
| Podlipsky et al. (2007) |
| Gorbachev et al. (2004) |
| Rogulina et al. (2008) |
| Koval et al. (2019) |
| Polekhovsky et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Svetova +1 other reference |
| Голубев et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Novoselov et al. (2019) | |
| Vasyukova et al. (2020) | |
| Okrugin et al. (2023) |
| Okrugin et al. (2021) | |
| Boiko (2004) |
| Boiko (2004) | |
| Boiko (2004) | |
| Patyk-Kara et al. (2008) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| Aleshin et al. (2007) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Luce et al. (1976) |
Senegal | |
| Company Brochure 2014 |
| Delaporte (2020) |
Serbia | |
| RTB Bor |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
| RTB Bor | |
| RTB Bor |
| Mineco Limited |
Slovakia | |
| Rojkovič I. (1991) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Ferenc Š. et al. (2022) |
| Ferenc Š. & Rojkovič I. (2001) |
South Africa | |
| De Jager (2015) |
| Jeffery (2015) |
| Maier et al. (2023) | |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Anhaeusser et al. (1978) |
| Gauert et al. (2021) |
| Günther (2013) | |
| de Waal (1982) |
| Cole (2013) |
| Macdonald et al. (1997) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Castroviejo et al. (2011) |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Saupe (1990) |
| Fabre (n.d.) | |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Wallace (2016) |
Sweden | |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... | |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... +1 other reference | |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| Kresten et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Smellie (1985) | |
Switzerland | |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| De Quervain (1938) |
| Dill (2008) |
Thailand | |
| Sangsiri et al. (2008) |
Turkey | |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Oyman (2003) |
| GÜNER (1980) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Kilic et al. (2024) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| Dudar et al. (2018) |
| Gursky D (2001) | |
| Sharygin et al. (2011) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| Williams (1982) |
| Williams (1982) +1 other reference |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference |
| Young (1964) +1 other reference | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) |
| Kelly Nash specimen | |
| Erickson +1 other reference | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| Dummett (1987) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 |
| Am. Min. 51:1088-1106 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Berger et al. (2009) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shawe et al. (2011) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| David A. Dearsty. (1991) |
| - (2005) |
| Eric R. Force (1991) |
| E. C. Pirkle (1974) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| John B. Mertie (1951) |
| Econ Geol (1991) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| 34-37 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Kolata et al. (1981) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Am Min 44:1082-1086 |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Pavlides et al. (1962) | |
| Eyan Fennelly Collection |
| Jaggar (4) |
| Richmond (1937) |
| Dale (1908) |
| Dale | |
| Dale | |
| Dale |
| Emerson | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Snelgrove et al. (1944) |
| Machamer (1964) |
| Cossaboom (1981) |
| The Spar Lake Strata-Bound Cu-Ag Deposit Formed Across a Mixing Zone Between Trapped Natural Gas and Metals-Bearing Brine Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference |
| Young (1964) +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation | |
| Ebert et al. (1997) |
| John et al. (1989) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Klemic +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Bingler (1968) |
| McLemore (1982, February) |
| GROSS et al. (GRATON-SALES VOLUME) |
| Foster et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
| Agortino et al. (1985) |
| Denison et al. (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Denison et al. (1967) | |
| Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
| Stose (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) | |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) | |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| |
| Miller (1971) |
| George (1972) |
| George (1969) |
| John B. Mertie (1951) |
| USGS +1 other reference | |
| John B. Mertie (1951) | |
| John B.Martie (1951) | |
| John B.Martie (1951) | |
| John B. Mertie (1951) | |
| John B.Mertie (1951) | |
| John B. Mertie (1951) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Flawn (1951) |
| Bomber et al. (1986) |
| Rankin (2002) |
| Wannamaker et al. (2000) |
| - (1987) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Morrill & Chaffee |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Ross (1941) |
| Halladay (1978) |
| Glass et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Overstreet (1967) | |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Buchholz (1999) |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 | |
| Ripple |
Uzbekistan | |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
Vietnam | |
| Bui et al. (2022) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Kolb et al. (2000) |
| South African Journal of Geology +1 other reference |
| Eales (1964) |
| Buchholz et al. (1998) |
Michelsberg Quarry, Katzenbuckel, Waldkatzenbach, Waldbrunn, Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis, Karlsruhe Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany