Susannite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Susannite
Formula:
Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2
Colour:
Colourless to greenish or yellowish
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.52 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
Named after the type locality, the Susanna Mine, Leadhills, Scotland.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
The trigonal dimorph of leadhillite.
A mineral closely related to leadhillite and macphersonite. Tabular forms of susannite are easily confused with leadhillite.
Heating leadhillite causes it to reversibly transform into susannite in the temperature range from 50 to 82°C (Bindi & Menchetti, 2005).
A mineral closely related to leadhillite and macphersonite. Tabular forms of susannite are easily confused with leadhillite.
Heating leadhillite causes it to reversibly transform into susannite in the temperature range from 50 to 82°C (Bindi & Menchetti, 2005).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3833
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3833:7
Similar Names
| Cesanite | A valid IMA mineral species | Na3Ca2(SO4)3(OH) |
IMA Classification of Susannite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb2+4(S6+O4)(CO3)2(OH)2
Classification of Susannite
5.BF.40
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
F : With (Cl), SO4, PO4, TeO3
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
F : With (Cl), SO4, PO4, TeO3
17.1.3.1
17 : COMPOUND CARBONATES
1 : Miscellaneous
17 : COMPOUND CARBONATES
1 : Miscellaneous
12.2.13
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sus | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Susannite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Susannite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to greenish or yellowish
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Density:
6.52 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Susannite
Type:
Uniaxial
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial
Chemistry of Susannite
Mindat Formula:
Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Susannite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
P3
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.07 Å, c = 11.57 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.276
Unit Cell V:
824.62 ų
Z:
3
Morphology:
Thin hexagonal plates.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006779 | Susannite | Steele I M, Pluth J J, Livingstone A (1999) Crystal structure of susannite, Pb4SO4(CO3)2(OH)2: a trimorph with macphersonite and leadhillite European Journal of Mineralogy 11 493-499 | 1999 | Leadhills, Scotland | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003939 | Susannite | Bindi L, Menchetti S (2005) Structural changes accompanying the phase transformation between leadhillite and susannite: a structural study by means of in situ high-temperature single- crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 90 1641-1647 |  | 2005 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.571 Å | (very strong) |
| 2.937 Å | (strong) |
| 2.622 Å | (strong) |
| 4.538 Å | (moderately strong) |
| 2.113 Å | (moderately strong) |
| 2.316 Å | (moderate) |
| 2.066 Å | (moderate) |
Comments:
Susanna mine, Scotland. Data from Livingstone and Russell (1985). The pattern is nearly identical to leadhillite though susannite contains an additional weak peak at 6.494 Å.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in oxidized zones of hydrothermal lead deposits formed above 80 degrees C.
Type Occurrence of Susannite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 104.1068.
Synonyms of Susannite
Sulphato-tricarbonate of Lead (in part)
Other Language Names for Susannite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 103 photos of Susannite associated with Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 39 photos of Susannite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 37 photos of Susannite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 30 photos of Susannite associated with Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 30 photos of Susannite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 29 photos of Susannite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 26 photos of Susannite associated with Steverustite | Pb2+5(OH)5[Cu+(S6+O3S2-)3](H2O)2 |
| 22 photos of Susannite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 20 photos of Susannite associated with Bechererite | Zn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)] |
| 19 photos of Susannite associated with Mattheddleite | Pb5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5(Cl,OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BF.05 | Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| 5.BF.05 | Manganotychite | Na6Mn2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| 5.BF.05 | Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| 5.BF.05 | Ferrotychite | Na6(Fe,Mn,Mg)2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Sidorenkite | Na3Mn2+(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Crawfordite | Na3Sr(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Bonshtedtite | Na3Fe2+(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Bradleyite | Na3Mg(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.15 | Daqingshanite-(Ce) | (Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x |
| 5.BF.20 | Reederite-(Y) | (Na,Mn)15Y2(CO3)9(FSO3)Cl |
| 5.BF.25 | Mineevite-(Y) | Na25Ba(Y,Gd,Dy)2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(SO4)2F2Cl |
| 5.BF.30 | Brianyoungite | Zn3(CO3,SO4)(OH)4 |
| 5.BF.35 | Philolithite | Pb12Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn2+,Mg)4(CO3)4(SO4)O6(OH)12Cl4 |
| 5.BF.40 | Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 5.BF.40 | Macphersonite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 5.BF.45 | Peatite-(Y) | Li4Na12Y12(PO4)12(CO3)4(F,OH)8 |
| 5.BF.50 | Ramikite-(Y) | Li4(Na,Ca)12Y6Zr6(PO4)12(CO3)4O4[(OH),F]4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Susannite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3833.html
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References for Susannite
Reference List:
Livingstone, A., Russell, J. D. (1985) X-ray powder data for susannite and its distinction from leadhillite. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (354) 759-761 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.21
Steele, Ian M., Pluth, Joseph J., Livingstone, Alec (1999) Crystal structure of susannite, Pb4SO4(CO3)2(OH)2: a trimorph with macphersonite and leadhillite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (3) 493-499 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/3/0493
Localities for Susannite
Showing 141 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Con Constantinides collection |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Tomazic et al. (2012) |
Belgium | |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
Brazil | |
| Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias (1983) |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Livingstone et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Nicolas MEISSER analysis |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau et al. (2024) |
| Favreau (n.d.) +2 other references | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1998) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kolitsch (1997) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1998) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| KoJansen | |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Frost et al. (2003) |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Stieglitz et al. (1989) |
| www.mg-mineralien-fossilien.info (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| |
| International Association of Collectors ... | |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Harms (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1998) |
| Henrich (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| checked SEM-EDS / X-RAY by St.Michalski |
Greece | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
| |
| |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1982) | |
| |
| |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| L.Rantos collection |
Ireland | |
| |
Italy | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2023) |
| Orlandi et al. (1) |
| Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias (1983) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| M. Bonifazi & U. Kolitsch +1 other reference |
| Domenico Saccardo (2019) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
| XRD analysis at Padova University +1 other reference | |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
Russia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
South Africa | |
| Glass (2006) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
UK | |
| Norman Wilson collection and ID |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson collection | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Young (1987) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +3 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Pluth et al. (2005) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Tarmac |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Rust (2019) |
| Rust (2022) | |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| Livingstone et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Jackson (1990) | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Livingstone (2002) | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| S. Rust collection |
| S. Rust collection. |
| Rust (1996) |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| Steve Rust collection | |
| Ex-S Rust collection |
| S. Rust collection |
| S. Rust collection |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| Steve Rust |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Ex-S Rust collection |
| S. Rust collection |
USA | |
| Graeme (1993) |
| A. Kampf 2-2018 |
| Min of PA 1922-65 |
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Frongoch Mine, Pontrhydygroes, Upper Llanfihangell-y-Creuddyn, Ceredigion, Wales, UK