Scolecite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Scolecite
Formula:
CaAl2Si3O10 · 3H2O
Colour:
Colorless, white , pink, salmon, red, green
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
2.25 - 2.29
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek, σκώληξ (skolex) = 'worm' in reference to the mineral's reaction to the blowpipe flame.
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3594
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3594:7
IMA Classification of Scolecite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca(Si3Al2)O10·3H2O
Classification of Scolecite
9.GA.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
A : Zeolites with T5O10 Units – The Fibrous Zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
A : Zeolites with T5O10 Units – The Fibrous Zeolites
Dana 7th ed.:
77.1.5.5
77.1.5.5
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
16.9.22
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Slc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Scolecite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Silky when fibrous
Colour:
Colorless, white , pink, salmon, red, green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on the {110} and {110}
Perfect on the {110} and {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.25 - 2.29 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.275 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Scolecite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.507 - 1.513 nβ = 1.516 - 1.52 nγ = 1.517 - 1.521
2V:
Measured: 36° to 56°, Calculated: 36° to 40°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.008 - 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Low (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
Z = b; X ∧ c = 15° to 18°; Y ∧ a = -14° to -17°.
Chemistry of Scolecite
Mindat Formula:
CaAl2Si3O10 · 3H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Na,K
Crystallography of Scolecite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Bb
Cell Parameters:
a = 18.508(5) Å, b = 18.981(5) Å, c = 6.527(2) Å
β = 90.64°
β = 90.64°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.975 : 1 : 0.344
Unit Cell V:
2,292.79 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals are slender prismatic
Twinning:
On {100}, twin axis [001], contact or penetration twins
Comment:
Non-standard space-group setting F1d1, chosen in order to allow easier comparison with natrolite (Fdd2). Unit-cell parameters of standard setting in space group Cc: a = 6.533, b = 19.030, c = 9.830 Å, β = 109.95° (Comodi et al., 2002).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006936 | Scolecite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2002) High-pressure structural behaviour of scolecite European Journal of Mineralogy 14 567-574 | 2002 | 0.0001 | 293 | ||
| 0006933 | Scolecite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2002) High-pressure structural behaviour of scolecite European Journal of Mineralogy 14 567-574 | 2002 | 0.0001 | 293 | ||
| 0009906 | Scolecite | Kuntzinger S, Ghermani N E, Dusausoy Y, Lecomte C (1998) Distribution and topology of the electron density in an aluminosilicate compound from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data: the case of scolecite Acta Crystallographica B54 819-833 |  | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008025 | Scolecite | Stuckenschmidt E, Joswig W, Baur W H, Hofmeister W (1997) Scolecite, Part I: Refinement of high-order data, separation of internal and external vibrational amplitudes from displacement parameters Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 403-410 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006934 | Scolecite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2002) High-pressure structural behaviour of scolecite European Journal of Mineralogy 14 567-574 | 2002 | 1.77 | 293 | ||
| 0006935 | Scolecite | Comodi P, Gatta G D, Zanazzi P F (2002) High-pressure structural behaviour of scolecite European Journal of Mineralogy 14 567-574 | 2002 | 3.38 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.848 Å | (100) |
| 2.882 Å | (100) |
| 6.590 Å | (90) |
| 4.387 Å | (90) |
| 2.851 Å | (70) |
| 4.722 Å | (60) |
| 2.929 Å | (60) |
| 4.608 Å | (50) |
| 2.204 Å | (40) |
| 4.208 Å | (30) |
| 3.221 Å | (30) |
| 3.181 Å | (30) |
| 3.151 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Near Surat Thani, Thailand. Data from Smith and Walls (1971).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations |
Geological Setting:
Cavities in basalts; Alpine clefts.
Synonyms of Scolecite
Other Language Names for Scolecite
Relationship of Scolecite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Natrolite Subgroup:
| Gonnardite | (Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10 · 3H2O | Orth. |
| Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30 · 8H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Paranatrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 3H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 146 photos of Scolecite associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| 143 photos of Scolecite associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 104 photos of Scolecite associated with Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
| 103 photos of Scolecite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 70 photos of Scolecite associated with Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O |
| 67 photos of Scolecite associated with 'Chalcedony' | SiO2 |
| 63 photos of Scolecite associated with Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O |
| 61 photos of Scolecite associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
| 58 photos of Scolecite associated with Powellite | Ca(MoO4) |
| 42 photos of Scolecite associated with Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30 · 8H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GA.05 | Paranatrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 3H2O |
| 9.GA.05 | Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30 · 8H2O |
| 9.GA.05 | Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 9.GA.05 | Gonnardite | (Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10 · 3H2O |
| 9.GA.10 | Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| 9.GA.10 | Thomsonite-Sr | Na(Sr,Ca)2[Al5Si5O20] · 7H2O |
| 9.GA.15 | Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O |
| 9.GA.15 | Kalborsite | K6Al4BSi6O20(OH)4Cl |
| 9.GA.15 | Arzamastsevite | K6Al5Si6O20(OH)4Cl |
Fluorescence of Scolecite
May be yellow to brown in LW and SW.
Other Information
Electrical:
Pyreoelectric, piezeoelectric.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Scolecite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3594.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Scolecite
Reference List:
Zepharovich, V. von (1884) Ueber Brookit, Wulfenit und Skolezit. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 8 (1-6). 577-592 doi:10.1524/zkri.1884.8.1.577
Friedel, Charles; de Gramont, Arnaud (1885) Sur la pyroélectricité de la scolézite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 8 (3). 75-78 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1885.1916
Hey, Max H. (1936) Studies on the zeolites. Part IX. Scolecite and metascolecite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 24 (152) 227-253 doi:10.1180/minmag.1936.024.152.02
Peng, C. J. (1955) Thermal analysis study of the natrolite group. American Mineralogist, 40 (9-10) 834-856
Foster, M.D. (1965) Composition of zeolites of the natrolite group; compositional relations among thomsonites, gonnardites and natrolites. Professional Paper 504de. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp504de
Harada, Kazuo, Hara, Mamoru, Nakao, Kazuso (1968) Mineralogical notes on mesolite and scolecite from Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 5 (5) 309-320 doi:10.2465/minerj1953.5.309
Smith, G. W., Walls, R. (1971) A redetermination of the unit-cell geometry of scolecite. Mineralogical Magazine, 38 (293) 72-75 doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.293.09
Ulrych, J., Rychlý, R. (1980) The overgrowth crystals of scolecite on mesolite. Kristall und Technik, 15 (9) 91-93 doi:10.1002/crat.19800150919
Johnson, G. K., Flotow, H. E., O'Hare, P. A. G., Wise, W. S. (1983) Thermodynamic studies of zeolites: natrolite, mesolite and scolecite. American Mineralogist, 68 (11-12) 1134-1145
Akizuki, Mizuhiko, Harada, Kazuo (1988) Symmetry, twinning, and parallel growth of scolecite, mesolite, and natrolite. American Mineralogist, 73 (5-6) 613-618
Gunter, Mickey E., Ribbe, Paul H. (1993) Natrolite group zeolites: Correlations of optical properties and crystal chemistry. Zeolites, 13 (6) 435-440 doi:10.1016/0144-2449(93)90117-l
Gillet, Philippe, Malezieux, Jean-Marie, Itie, Jean-Paul (1996) Phase changes and amorphization of zeolites at high pressures; the case of scolecite and mesolite. American Mineralogist, 81 (5) 651-657 doi:10.2138/am-1996-5-612
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, et al. (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6). 1571-1606
Apte, A., Phadke, A. V. (1997) Thermal behaviour of fibrous zeolites of the natrolite group. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 50 (3). 473-486 doi:10.1007/bf01980507
Kuntzinger, S., Ghermani, N. E., Dusausoy, Y., Lecomte, C. (1998) Distribution and Topology of the Electron Density in an Aluminosilicate Compound from High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction Data: the Case of Scolecite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 54 (6) 819-833 doi:10.1107/s0108768198003954
Stuckenschmidt, Elli, Kirfel, Armin (2000) Zeolites of NAT topology: Structure refinement of mesolite from single crystal X-ray data and comparison with the structures of natrolite and scolecite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12 (2) 571-579 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0571
Kirfel, A., Gibbs, G. V. (2000) Electron density distributions and bonded interactions for the fibrous zeolites natrolite, mesolite and scolecite and related materials. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 27 (4) 270-284 doi:10.1007/s002690050256
Comodi, Paola, Gatta, Giacomo Diego, Zanazzi, Pier Francesco (2002) High-pressure structural behaviour of scolecite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14 (3) 567-574 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0567
Ballone, Pietro, Quartieri, Simona, Sani, Alessandra, Vezzalini, Giovanna (2002) High-pressure deformation mechanism in scolecite: A combined computational-experimental study. American Mineralogist, 87 (8) 1194-1206 doi:10.2138/am-2002-8-919
Kolesov, B.A. (2006) Behavior of H2O molecules in the channels of natrolite and scolecite: A Raman and IR spectroscopic investigation of hydrous microporous silicates. American Mineralogist, 91 (7) 1039-1048 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2049
Localities for Scolecite
Showing 498 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Smith (1964) | |
| Birkenmajer K. et al. (1989) |
Argentina | |
| Pagano et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| R. S. Bowman and S. E. Delap (Eds.) |
| Vattuone et al. (2001) |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi (juancalo@bvconline.com.ar) |
Australia | |
| \"Zeolites in Tertiary basalts of the Canberra Region\" (author not known at this time) |
| Sutton (2003) +1 other reference |
| - (1987) |
| R Bottrill collection |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| |
Austria | |
| Paar et al. (1998) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Knobloch et al. (2022) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl et al. (1988) |
| Sigmund (1916) | |
| Sigmund (1917) |
| Meixner (1971) |
| |
| |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr (1991) |
Bolivia | |
| PXRD by Alfredo Petrov |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
Brazil | |
| |
| Paulo Neves collection |
| Frank et al. (2004) |
| Mr. Rafael Hernandes Corrêa-Silva. | |
| Carles Curto Milà | |
| www.museumin.ufrgs.br (2003) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Vau Collection +1 other reference |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Canada | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| "Geology of New Brunswick: field guide ... |
| Sabina (2015) |
| Sabina (2015) | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Sabina (2015) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference | |
| The Nova Scotia Mineral Occurrence ... +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| László Horváth (p.c., 2003) +1 other reference |
| Museum Thetford Mines collection | |
| King et al. (1989) |
| GAUDARD (1993) | |
| GAUDARD (1993) | |
| GAUDARD (1993) | |
| Horváth et al. (2013) |
| Van Velthuizen et al. (2006) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| maurizio dini - based on samples from ... |
| Maurizio Dini collection - analysed ... |
| Maurizio Dini collection (PXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
China | |
| Cao Zhengmin et al. (1987) |
| Yongming Shi et al. (2006) |
Costa Rica | |
| Zeledón (2004) |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Zeledón (2004) | |
| Zeledón (2004) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Kruťa (Frýdberka) |
| Kučera et al. (1929-1930) |
| Novotný +2 other references |
| Novotný |
| Rychlý et al. (1980) |
| P.Paulis et al. (Czech Rep.) | |
| Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie vol.26 |
| Novák et al. (2023) |
| |
Ethiopia | |
| Scherillo (1938) +1 other reference |
Faroe Islands | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Betz (1981) | |
France | |
| Leconte J. (2015) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Bernard (2011) |
| ID by XRD from Dr.Niedermayr (NHM Vienna) |
| Giret et al. (1992) |
| Azambre et al. (1988) |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| Nativel (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Nativel (1986) | |
| Navitel (1972) | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Jahn et al. (2002) |
| Leyser (1948) |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Witzke (1994) |
| |
Greenland | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| DK Bird et al. (1985) |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| |
| www.geomania.hu | |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| KÓNYA (2015) | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Lapis 01/1978 p.31 +1 other reference |
| Koch (1985) |
Iceland | |
| [World of Stones 9/96 p.29] +1 other reference |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite colletion of Volker Betz +1 other reference | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Sæmundsson et al. (2014) | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
| Luis Costa specimen | |
| Neuhoff et al. (1999) | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Selbekk et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Tamjidi |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Blake (1966) |
| Jamison K. Turnbull collection |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz | |
| Collection of Volker Betz |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
India | |
| Specimens received from Salim Tyebjee |
| Ottens et al. (2022) | |
| Karel Bal Collection +1 other reference |
| |
| Fabreminerals specimen photo | |
| M.F.Makki | |
| Quebul Fine Minerals |
| Sakki et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Ottens (2011) | |
| MinRec Sept. 2006 | |
| Michael Shaw Collection | |
| Martins da Pedra photo |
| Arnav Khokarale Collection |
| Rock Currier |
| Rock Currier |
| In the collection of Alex Earl +1 other reference |
| Ottens et al. (2019) | |
| Arnav Khokarale Collection |
| Michael Shaw Collection |
| Specimens in the collection of Rock ... | |
| Arnav Khokarale Collection | |
Iran | |
| KOUSEHLAR et al. (2012) |
| Bazargani-Guilani et al. (2004) |
| Tabbakh Shabani et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Imma Punzo find & collection |
| Russo et al. (2004) | |
| Marchesini et al. (1998) |
| Ciuffardi et al. (2008) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Bracco R. et al. (La Spezia, Liguria) | |
| Enrico Bonacina specimen |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Sigismund (1948) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Romani (1989) +1 other reference |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Romani (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| hède frédéric | |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| "Minerali in Val d'Ala" (referred to a neighbour locality, "Alpe Garavela") |
| Borson (1830) +4 other references |
| Silvio Bianco et al. (2024) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Roggiani (1970b) |
| Mattioli (1979) +2 other references |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli V. (1987) |
| Appiani R. et al. (Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) |
| Appiani R. et al. (Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) | |
| Sergio Varvello find & collection. | |
| Alberto Vaghi collection |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Roggiani (1975) +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Alberto Vaghi collection +1 other reference | |
| Milanesi D. (1998) | |
| Mattioli V. (1974) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Billows (1941) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Passaglia (1972) +5 other references |
| Boscardin et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Lorenz (2002) +1 other reference |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Gasser (1913) +1 other reference | |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Nannoni R. et al. (Isola d'Elba) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) |
| Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| Giordano (2014) |
| Paolo Bosio collection. Analyzed by means of WDS Camebax SX-100 microprobe at the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Vernadskiy (GEOKHI RAN) |
| Passaglia et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Matsuyama (2001) |
| Gunma university Academic Information Repository et al. (2000) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Aoki et al. (1980) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
Kenya | |
| Baker (1967) |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Lacroix (1922) | |
| Lacroix (1941) |
Mexico | |
| Peter Megaw and Matthias Jurgeit +1 other reference |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Mozambique | |
| Neves et al. (1968) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Steffen et al. (2006) |
New Zealand | |
| Zeolites and associated minerals from Parnell Grit beds of the East Coast Bays Formation et al. (NZ) |
| J. Thornton in Micro-Scope |
| Essence of Micro-Scope |
| Von Blaramberg (1987) |
| Spratt et al. (1975) |
Nicaragua | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
North America | |
| 182-183. +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Bugge (1954) |
| Nordrum (1995) |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) | |
| Eldjarn (1973) +1 other reference |
| Garmo (1983) |
| Atle Mikalsen Collection |
| Bergen Museum |
| Garmo (2006) |
| Garmo (2013) |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Nordrum (2004) | |
| Kvamsdal (1999) |
| Sturt et al. (1965) |
| Bøe (2001) | |
| Nordrum (2009) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Atle Michalsen photo & specimen | |
| Nordrum et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bergen Museum |
| Garnmo et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Andrzejewski K. (1993) |
| Andrzejewski K. (1993) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Körber et al. (2005) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
Romania | |
| Marincea et al. (2014, September) +1 other reference |
| Koller G. |
Russia | |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Okrugin et al. (2015) |
| Okrugin et al. (2015) |
| Okrugin et al. (2015) |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| Okrugin et al. (2015) | |
| Okrugin et al. (2015) | |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2008) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Антонов (2003) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
| Kreutz S. (1931) |
| Ďuďa |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Windisch (2014) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Gliddon (1996) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Mineralogical Record (1996) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) | |
| La Iglesia A. et al. (1990) |
| Collection of Volker Betz |
| Betz (2009) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Bjällerud (1989) |
Switzerland | |
| Parker et al. (1973) +3 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Jahn (2004) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| M Kampf collection | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Weiß (1982) |
| ... |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Weibel et al. (1990) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bracke (n.d.) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Parker et al. (1973) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Taiwan | |
| Proceedings of the Geological Society of China (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Tanzania | |
| Collection of Werner Radl |
Thailand | |
| Smith et al. (1971) |
Turkey | |
| Hatipoglu (2016) |
UK | |
| Wilson et al. (2008) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Wilson O. et al. (2003) |
| Walker (1962) | |
| Moreton et al. (2012) |
| BMS Collection 1146 +1 other reference |
| McLintock (1915) | |
| McLintock (1915) | |
| |
| Allan (1973) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Livingstone (2002) |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
| |
| St Kilda: an Illustrated Account of the Geology. Harding R.R. (British Geological Survey Report Vol 16, No 7) |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko A. data |
USA | |
| June 1997 +3 other references |
| June 1997 +3 other references | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Graton et al. (1917) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Verified by XRD by Travis Olds |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Jonathan Harris |
| Parker (2014) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Emerson (1917) |
| Emerson (1895) |
| Mike Hedtke (2000) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mins. of NYC & Environs (1931) |
| Mins. of NYC & Its Environs (1931) +1 other reference |
| Amer. Jour. of Sci.: 40:69-73 (1841) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Mins. of NYC & Its Environs (1931) +1 other reference |
| Mineral Collector: 2:138-139 et al. (1895) +2 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R. S. Bowman and S. E. Delap (Eds.) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:96 +1 other reference |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Bargar et al. (1997) | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 8 Fall ... |
| Phyllis Richardson |
| Phyllis Richardson | |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 10 Fall ... |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| Bargar et al. (1997) | |
| A. Wiltsey +1 other reference |
| Slotto (2016) |
| American Mineralogist (1925) |
| Carr et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Miller (1971) +1 other reference | |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Micro Probe VolumeVIII Number 8 Fall ... |
| Bill Tompkins collection +1 other reference | |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| NEEDS REFERENCE | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 10 |
| Micro Probe +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Ream (1991) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
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Nashik District, Nashik Division, Maharashtra, India