Rosasite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Rosasite
Rosas Mine, Truba Niedda Yard: dump.
Rosas Mine Complex, Narcao, South Sardinia Province, Sardinia, Italy
Rosas Mine Complex, Narcao, South Sardinia Province, Sardinia, Italy
Formula:
(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Cu:Zn ratio is near 3:2.
Colour:
Blue, blue-green to green, sky-blue; colourless to light blue in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
4 - 4.2
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1908 by Domenico Lovisato after its discovery locality, the Rosas Mine, Sulcis, Sardinia, Italy.
Rosasite Group.
Rosasite is a secondary mineral found in the oxidation zone of copper-zinc deposits.
Rosasite is a secondary mineral found in the oxidation zone of copper-zinc deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3447
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3447:6
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Rosasite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+Zn2+CO3(OH)2
Classification of Rosasite
5.BA.10
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
A : With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
A : With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn
16a.3.1.2
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
11.6.3
11 : Carbonates
6 : Carbonates of Zn and Cd
11 : Carbonates
6 : Carbonates of Zn and Cd
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Rss | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Rosasite
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Blue, blue-green to green, sky-blue; colourless to light blue in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light blue
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
In two directions at right angles.
In two directions at right angles.
Density:
4 - 4.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.15 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Rosasite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.672 - 1.688 nβ = 1.796 - 1.83 nγ = 1.811 - 1.831
2V:
Measured: 33° (5), Calculated: 36°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.139 - 0.143
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = a*; Z = b.
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = Pale emerald green or Colourless
Y = Dark emerald green or Pale blue
Z = Dark emerald green or Pale blue
Y = Dark emerald green or Pale blue
Z = Dark emerald green or Pale blue
Comments:
Absorption: Z > Y > X.
Chemistry of Rosasite
Mindat Formula:
(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2
Cu:Zn ratio is near 3:2.
Cu:Zn ratio is near 3:2.
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Mg,Fe
Crystallography of Rosasite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.873(3) Å, b = 9.354(3) Å, c = 3.156(2) Å
β = 110.36(3)°
β = 110.36(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.376 : 1 : 0.337
Unit Cell V:
356.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Occurs as mammilary, botryoidal or verruciform crusts with a fibrous to spherulitic structure.
Twinning:
On {100}.
Comment:
Space group P21/a. Perchiazzi et al. (2017) give (note different setting, with smaller beta): P21/a, a 12.2436(29) Å, b 9.3555(19) Å, c 3.1535(6) Å, β = 98.69(3)°.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011132 | Rosasite | Perchiazzi N (2006) Crystal structure determination and Rietveld refinement of rosasite and mcguinnessite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie Supplement 23 505-510 | 2006 | Ojuela mine, Durango, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.05 Å | (90) |
| 5.07 Å | (90) |
| 3.69 Å | (90) |
| 3.016 Å | (40) |
| 2.962 Å | (70) |
| 2.870 Å | (30) |
| 2.600 Å | (100) |
| 2.534 Å | (50) |
| 2.499 Å | (40) |
| 2.354 Å | (30) |
| 2.339 Å | (40) |
| 2.144 Å | (50) |
| 2.013 Å | (20) |
| 1.968 Å | (25) |
| 1.696 Å | (35) |
| 1.571 Å | (35) |
Comments:
Data from Roberts et al. 1986.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Rosasite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, number 109.327 (holotype).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In the oxidised zone of a Zn-Cu deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Rosasite
Other Language Names for Rosasite
Varieties of Rosasite
Relationship of Rosasite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Malachite-Rosasite Group:
| Chukanovite | Fe2+2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Glaukosphaerite | (Cu,Ni)2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Kolwezite | CuCo(CO3)(OH)2 | Tric. |
| Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Mcguinnessite | (Mg,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Nullaginite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Parádsasvárite | Zn2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Perchiazziite | Co2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Pokrovskite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Zincrosasite | (Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 562 photos of Rosasite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 387 photos of Rosasite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 358 photos of Rosasite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 260 photos of Rosasite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 228 photos of Rosasite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 215 photos of Rosasite associated with Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 193 photos of Rosasite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 142 photos of Rosasite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 88 photos of Rosasite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 88 photos of Rosasite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BA.05 | Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Mcguinnessite | (Mg,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Zincrosasite | (Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Parádsasvárite | Zn2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Nullaginite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Georgeite | [Cu(OH)2-x(H2O)x][CO3]x/2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Glaukosphaerite | (Cu,Ni)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Pokrovskite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Kolwezite | CuCo(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Chukanovite | Fe2+2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Perchiazziite | Co2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.15 | Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 5.BA.15 | Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 5.BA.20 | Holdawayite | Mn6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH) |
| 5.BA.25 | 'UM1977-03-COSiO:CaClH' | Ca10-11(CO3)7(SiO4)Cl1-2(OH)1-2 |
| 5.BA.25 | Defernite | Ca6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42] |
| 5.BA.30 | Sclarite | Zn7(CO3)2(OH)10 |
| 5.BA.30 | Loseyite | (Mn2+,Zn,Mg)4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Rosasite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3447.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Rosasite
Reference List:
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1957) New occurrences of rosasite in Britain. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 31 (237). 501-502 doi:10.1180/minmag.1957.031.237.14
Alwan, Alwan K., Thomas, J. H., Williams, Peter A. (1980) Mineral formation from aqueous solution. Part III. The stability of aurichalcite, (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6, and rosasite (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2. Transition Metal Chemistry, 5 (1). 3-5 doi:10.1007/bf01396855
Nickel, E. H., Berry, L. G. (1981) The new mineral nullaginite and additional data on the related minerals rosasite and glaukosphaerite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 19 (2) 315-324
Roberts, A .C., Jambor, J. L., Grice, J. D. (1986) The X-Ray Crystallography of Rosasite From Tsumeb, Namibia. Powder Diffraction, 1 (1) 56-57 doi:10.1017/s0885715600011301
Reddy, B. J. (2004) Spectroscopic characterisation of rosasite and aurichalcite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2004 (7) 302-316 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2004/2004-0302
Frost, Ray L. (2006) A Raman spectroscopic study of selected minerals of the rosasite group. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 37 (9) 910-921 doi:10.1002/jrs.1521
Frost, Ray L., Wain, Daria L., Martens, Wayde N., Reddy, B. Jagannadha (2007) Vibrational spectroscopy of selected minerals of the rosasite group. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 66 (4) 1068-1074 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2006.04.042
Frost, Ray L., Reddy, B. Jagannadha, Wain, Daria L., Martens, Wayde N. (2007) Identification of the rosasite group minerals—An application of near infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 66 (4) 1075-1081 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2006.04.043
Frost, R. L., Wain, D. L., Martens, W. N., Reddy, B. J. (2007) The molecular structure of selected minerals of the rosasite group–an XRD, SEM and infrared spectroscopic study. Polyhedron, 26 (2) 275-283 doi:10.1016/j.poly.2006.05.046
Localities for Rosasite
Showing 624 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2006) |
Australia | |
| Michael Hirst Collection |
| Australia and New Zealand Micromineral ... |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Collection of RJ Martin inferred from ... |
| Museum Victoria collection |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Haupt (2012) |
| Haupt (2012) | |
| Catalog of Sount Australian Minerals-1983 ("has been tentatively identified from the Spring Creek copper mine.") +1 other reference |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Bottrill |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Nickel (1987) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +7 other references |
| Secondar Minerals from the Braeside ... +4 other references | |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy +3 other references | |
| Nickel (1982) |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Gröbner (2000) |
| Blass et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Auer (2024) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Puttner (1994) | |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Blass et al. (2000) |
| Puttner (1996) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Carinthia II (2017) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2003) |
| Pichler (2003) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
| F.Bernhard | |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Poeverlein (1990) |
| Putz (2004) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2026) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (powder X-ray diffraction) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2010) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Postl et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Bogner et al. (2010) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| Poeverlein |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
Belgium | |
| |
| Michel Blondieau collection |
| Blondieau (1997) +1 other reference |
| |
Bulgaria | |
| |
Chile | |
| gerhard mohn EDS and SEM |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... | |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| M. Dini & A.Molina Collections - analysed with quantitative and semi quantitative methods by Dr. Jochen Schluter (curator of Hamburg Mineral Museum) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
China | |
| He Xuemei; Yu (2011) |
| Guicheng Huang et al. (2001) |
| Minzhi Yang (2003) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2008) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Sejkora et al. (2012) |
| Analysed by geology lab Green Gas DPB |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Egypt | |
| Gatto Rotondo et al. (2012) |
| Ibrahim (2014) |
Europe | |
| www.geologija-revija.si (n.d.) +2 other references | |
France | |
| Several AFM members collection |
| Stephane Maury Collection |
| Duarte (2014) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Yannick Vessely collection +1 other reference |
| De Ascencao Guedes R. (2001) |
| yves Mourey |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Mines |
| Remy Ph. (2003) |
| Self collected Jean-Marie LAURENT - ... |
| Gol (2016) | |
| Berbain C. & Aymar J. (1991) |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| Boisson et al. (2017) | |
| |
| Vincent Schneider Collection |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Stephane Maury Collection | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Vincent Bourgoin collection. |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2007) |
| |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Favreau et al. (2024) |
| Valerie GALEA-CLOLUS collection +2 other references | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Blessing et al. (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1989) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mädler (1992) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +2 other references |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Möckel (2000) | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection (Uwe Kolitsch PXRD and EDS analyses) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| [var: Nickel-bearing Rosasite] Möckel (2000) |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| Lavrion Mineral Museum collection | |
| Lavrion Mineral Museum collection |
| Rieck (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| 62 +3 other references | |
| Jürgen Breitenbach collection |
Hungary | |
| Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
| Zajzon N et al. (2014) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
Iceland | |
| Saemundsson et al. (2006) |
Iran | |
| Rick Turner |
| Bariand |
| Weiß (2004) | |
| Vachik Hairapetian collection |
| Wilke (1977) |
Ireland | |
| |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Negretti +2 other references |
| Collected & analyzed by Rossano Carlini | |
| various added photos | |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| Gramaccioli (1975) |
| G. Signorelli collection +1 other reference |
| Maida (2002) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Vergani (2019) +1 other reference |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Bedognè +2 other references |
| Preite et al. (1995) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Mandarino (1996) |
| Moldovan et al. (2013) | |
| P.Stara | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1995) |
| Lovisato (1908) +4 other references | |
| www.associazionemineralogicasarda.it (n.d.) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Daniel Lorenz |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| SEM/EDX analysis by AMI SIUK |
| Ferretti P. et al. (Lavis, Trentino-Alto Adige) |
| Canal et al. (2012) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Marinai |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) | |
| Sabelli C. et al. (1996) | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2007) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| Batacchi et al. (2011) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Nannoni R. et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| P. Roegner - Ratisbona Univ. - 1998 |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Boscardin et al. (1983) |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| Pedroni et al. (1996) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Pegoraro et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Alfonso Frías Forcada Collection +2 other references |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| M.Boscardin et al. (Vi) |
| Domenico Saccardo et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Hiroaki Tano specimen |
| Sakurai (1971) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| - (2004) |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| Hoffmann (1968) +3 other references |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Checked +2 other references |
| Canet et al. (2011) |
Morocco | |
| JP Barral collection +1 other reference |
| Favreau (n.d.) | |
| Favreau (2026) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Barral (2023) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Karel Bal Collection |
| Jordi Fabre |
Myanmar | |
| Dill et al. (2013) |
Namibia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Norway | |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| Raade et al. (1990) +2 other references | |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Domańska (n.d.) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| Gustavo Pereira Fernandes |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Spirifer Minerals specimens +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Onac (2002) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Rakhimov et al. (2023) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Bukanov et al. (2012) |
| Vikentev et al. (2020) |
| Hyršl (1992) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Števko M. et al. (in Slovak) |
Slovenia | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Reeks (2007) |
| South African Micromount newsletter |
Spain | |
| |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Viñals et al. (2008) | |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein. | |
| ... | |
| Luigi Mattei specimen | |
| Ko Jansen | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2023) |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| SEM-EDS analysed |
| Christiane & Jean-Robert Eytier ... |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Jean-Marc Johannet collection |
| Solá |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| ... |
| |
| Cesar Menor Salvan |
| Calvo et al. (2002) |
| |
| Joan Rosell |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| Calvo et al. (2007) |
| www.mineralogia.es (n.d.) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) |
| Salván et al. (2024) |
Switzerland | |
| EDXS analyses in Feb. 2020 |
| EDXS analyses |
| Le Cristallier Suisse (7) +1 other reference |
| Vanini F. et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Graeser (2008) |
| |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| 86. (in German) +3 other references |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
Tunisia | |
| G Brandstetter collection |
UK | |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Weiß et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2007) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| |
| M.Wirth collection |
| [BMS] |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +1 other reference | |
| BMS Collection |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449 |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1963 33 : 441-449 +1 other reference | |
| Richard Bell specimen |
| Dunham et al. (1985) |
| Young et al. (1997) |
| Day (1999) |
| P. Nicholson Collection |
| Rust (1995) |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Stephen Moreton Collection |
| Plant et al. (1996) |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| Day (1999) |
| Tarmac | |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Evan Jones |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| "The Accidental Pocket" talk presented ... | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rui Nunes - Jan2006 | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039392 | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Self collected at Galvez mine dump | |
| Raman +1 other reference | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10027116 |
| Knudsen (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 65:17 +2 other references | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10046274 | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Robert Jenkins Raman Spectroscopy |
| Wilson et al. (1976) |
| Keith (1972) +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Allen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Ronald Render | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Eckhard D. Stuart | |
| Olson (1966) +1 other reference |
| Crowley (1975) +3 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1942) +4 other references |
| Cooper +3 other references |
| Rogers (1912b) +4 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Adams (2017) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Hawley et al. (1960) |
| Kepper et al. (2000) | |
| Wise (1993) |
| Collected by Jerry A. Baird. ... |
| Crowley (1977) +2 other references |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 65: 61. +1 other reference |
| Frank Karasti |
| James A. Bauer +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 65:61. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380 |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380 | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380 | |
| Henderson et al. (1967) |
| David Busha collection |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Mines of the Washington D.C Area |
| Tom Buchholz found location and tested ... |
| Gobla (2012) |
| www.mineralnews.com (2002) |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Gabe Cangelosi Collection | |
| www.christuckerminerals.com and Chris ... |
| Chris Tucker Collection | |
| Per. Comm. from Eugene Ford re XRD ... +1 other reference |
| Min News 21:7 p 1 | |
| Tucker (2008) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Gregor Losson (2024) | |
| Patrick Haynes | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Doug Merson collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Nikischer (2017) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| A. Plante collection +2 other references |
| Cook (1973) +1 other reference |
| II et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Patrick Haynes |
| Jay Penn collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| D.Court collection | |
| Don Saathoff collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Personally collected +1 other reference | |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| Frank Karasti |
| Jay Penn collection |
| DeMark (2004) |
| Min News 20:10 p 8 | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 +1 other reference | |
| Richard Green photo | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 | |
| Robert E.Walstrom Collection |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... | |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference | |
| Min News 20:6 p8 |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral ... |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Jay Penn collection |
| DeMark (1989) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Ex. Robert (Bob) +2 other references | |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Michael C Michayluk Collection | |
| Don Saathoff collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| Northrop (1959) | |
| M Massis collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Frank Karasti |
| PXRD and EDS by Tony Kampf in May |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| From the collection of Tom Wyman. ID by ... |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Desor (11/2020) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dunn (2024) |
| Rosemeyer (1997) |
Zambia | |
| Korowski et al. (1980) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (SEM-EDS, November 2014) |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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