Native Mercury
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Native Mercury
Mercurius
Formula:
Hg
Colour:
Tin white
Lustre:
Metallic
Specific Gravity:
13.596
Crystal System:
Amorphous
Name:
After the Roman messenger of the gods, Mercurius.
The symbol Hg comes from the Latin name 'hydrargyrum', fluid silver, after the Greek words 'hydros' = water and 'argyros' = silver.
The symbol Hg comes from the Latin name 'hydrargyrum', fluid silver, after the Greek words 'hydros' = water and 'argyros' = silver.
Mercury is officially classed as a mineral species for historical reasons, and also because it is distinctive in its chemical and physical properties. However, because it occurs as a liquid, it does not satisfy the normal criteria to be a valid mineral. It crystallizes at -40 degrees celsius, at which point it forms rhombohedral crystals. It is usually found as small isolated drops associated with cinnabar, but it can also be found as large liquid masses in rock cavities. Mercury is often found, along with cinnabar and other Hg minerals, as a precipitate from hot springs and in volcanic regions. Because of its rarity, it is not often used as an ore of mercury.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2647
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2647:1
IMA Classification of Native Mercury
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Native Mercury
1.AD.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
D : Mercury-amalgam family
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
D : Mercury-amalgam family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.10.1
1.1.7.1
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1.12
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Native Mercury
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Tin white
Streak:
Could not be powdered
Hardness Data:
Could not be measured
Comment:
liquid
Fracture:
None observed
Density:
13.596 g/cm3 (Measured)
Comment:
For liquid
Chemistry of Native Mercury
Mindat Formula:
Hg
Element Weights:
| Element | % weight |
|---|---|
| Hg | 100.000 % |
Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Au,Ag
General Formula
Hg
Crystallography of Native Mercury
Crystal System:
Amorphous
Morphology:
liquid globules or spheres
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
In low temperature hydrothermal deposits associated with hot springs.
Synonyms of Native Mercury
Other Language Names for Native Mercury
Basque:Merkurio
Breton:Merc'her
Catalan:Mercuri
Cornish:Mergher
Dutch:Kwik
Dutch Low Saxon:Merkurius
French:Mercure
Galician:Mercurio
Georgian:მერკური
ვერცხლისწყალი
ვერცხლისწყალი
German:Merkur
Gediegen Quecksilber
Gediegen Quecksilber
Haitian:Mèki
Hawaiian:Melekulia
Icelandic:Merkúríus
Kvikasilfur
Kvikasilfur
Japanese:自然水銀
Korean:머큐리
Kurdish (Latin Script):Tîr
Latin:Mercurius
Hydrargyrum
Hydrargyrum
Latvian:Merkurs
Dzīvsudrabs
Dzīvsudrabs
Lithuanian:Merkurijus
Gyvsidabris
Gyvsidabris
Low Saxon/Low German:Merkur
Luxembourgish:Merkur
Maltese:Merkurju
Novial:Merkurie
Occitan:Mercuri
Portuguese:Mercúrio
Ripuarian:Merrkuur
Romanian:Mercur
Russian:Ртуть
Sicilian:Mercuriu
Simplified Chinese:自然汞
Slovenian:Merkur
Živo srebro
Živo srebro
Spanish:Mercurio
Traditional Chinese:自然汞
Venetian:Mercùrio
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 281 photos of Native Mercury associated with Cinnabar | HgS |
| 78 photos of Native Mercury associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 32 photos of Native Mercury associated with Montroydite | HgO |
| 29 photos of Native Mercury associated with Eglestonite | [Hg2]2+3OCl3(OH) |
| 26 photos of Native Mercury associated with Calomel | [Hg2]2+Cl2 |
| 23 photos of Native Mercury associated with Edgarbaileyite | [Hg2]2+3[Si2O7] |
| 19 photos of Native Mercury associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 17 photos of Native Mercury associated with Wattersite | [Hg2]2+2Hg2+[CrO4]O2 |
| 14 photos of Native Mercury associated with Metacinnabar | HgS |
| 13 photos of Native Mercury associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 1.AD. | Aurihydrargyrumite | Au6Hg5 |
| 1.AD.10 | Belendorffite | Cu7Hg6 |
| 1.AD.10 | Kolymite | Cu7Hg6 |
| 1.AD.15a | Paraschachnerite | Ag3Hg2 |
| 1.AD.15c | Eugenite | Ag11Hg2 |
| 1.AD.15b | Luanheite | Ag3Hg |
| 1.AD.15a | Schachnerite | Ag1.1Hg0.9 |
| 1.AD.15d | Moschellandsbergite | Ag2Hg3 |
| 1.AD.20b | 'Goldamalgam (of Chen et al.)' | (Au,Ag)Hg |
| 1.AD.20a | Weishanite | (Au,Ag,Hg) |
| 1.AD.20c | 'Yiyangite' | Au3Hg |
| 1.AD.25 | Potarite | PdHg |
| 1.AD.30 | Leadamalgam | Pb0.7Hg0.3 |
| 1.AD.35 | Shosanbetsuite | Ag3Sn |
| 1.AD.40 | 'Unnamed (Au-Hg Amalgam)' | Au2Hg |
Fluorescence of Native Mercury
none
Other Information
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Mercury should be coated with a plastic material or placed in a sealed container since the mercury will vaporize over time.
Health Risks:
Contains mercury - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust of associated rock or matrix when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Vaporizes with toxic vapours, do not inhale vapours and store under cover.
Native Mercury in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Native Mercury
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2647.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Native Mercury
Reference List:
Stenbeck, Sten (1933) Röntgenanalyse der Legierungen von Quecksilber mit Silber, Gold und Zinn. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 214. 16-26 doi:10.1002/zaac.19332140103
Barrett, C. S. (1957) The structure of mercury at low temperatures. Acta Crystallographica, 10 (1) 58-60 doi:10.1107/s0365110x57000134
Localities for Native Mercury
Showing 455 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| McQueen (2011) |
| search.records.nsw.gov.au (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| search.records.nsw.gov.au (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| R. Bottrill |
| Birch (2003) +1 other reference |
| - (1903) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Friedrich (1955) |
| Friedrich (1955) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| Anton Paluc collection | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Srbik (1929) |
| - (1994, July) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
| Schuster et al. (2005) |
| Schmidt (1879) +2 other references |
Belgium | |
| Stainier (1891) |
Bolivia | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
Canada | |
| Geological Survey of Canada (1912) |
| Geological Survey of Canada (1912) | |
| How (1869) |
| |
| Ontario Bureau of Mines +1 other reference |
| Traill (1983) +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| Fondecyt +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| I.Domeyko collection +3 other references |
China | |
| Guanqing Lu (1994) |
| Zhiping Li (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Zhenhua Ding et al. (2004) |
| Xianlin Luo et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Hunan Metallurgy Teams 245 & 237 (1975) |
| Zhengjiang Ding et al. (2010) |
| Baogui Zhang (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Velebil (Dě) +4 other references |
| Catherine Caillet Komorowski et al. (2012) |
| Litochleb +5 other references |
Eswatini | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
France | |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Maurizot et al. (2020) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Chauris (2014) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Heckmann et al. (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| von Dechen (1848) |
| Beroldingen (1788) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| von Beroldingen et al. (1788) |
| Arndt +2 other references |
| Beroldingen (1788) | |
| Jambor (1992) |
| Hartmut Hensel Collection | |
| Hartmut Hensel Collection | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Arndt +1 other reference | |
| Hartmut Hensel Collection | |
| Ferber (1776) |
| Heidtke (2001) | |
| Arndt +2 other references | |
| Arndt et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Arndt et al. (1920) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Arndt et al. (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Heidtke (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Jürgen Müller Collection |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Hungary | |
| NAGY et al. (2000) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
Italy | |
| De Stefani C. (1895) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Boscardin et al. (1972) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Gasser (1913) +5 other references |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) +2 other references |
| Baccos (1967) +3 other references |
| Arisi Rota et al. (1971) | |
| |
| A. Del Caldo +2 other references |
| |
| Jervis (1873) +7 other references |
Japan | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Journal of the Faculty of Science et al. (2) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of Japan (Geological Survey of Japan, 1960) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ваулин (2016) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Vasil'yev et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
Malaysia | |
| Yajima (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Percy Babb (1909) +1 other reference |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
New Zealand | |
| Stoffers et al. (1999) |
| Morris (2005) |
| Pat Browne |
| Youngson et al. (2002) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001) |
Peru | |
| Wise et al. (2005) |
Philippines | |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
Poland | |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Sachs A. 1906: Die Bodenschätze ... +1 other reference |
| MUSZER (2018) |
Portugal | |
| H. GABRIEL MENDES |
Romania | |
| Paulina Hîrtopanu et al. (2017) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| Natural History Museum London 2015 |
Russia | |
| Vasil'yev et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Okrugin |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka +1 other reference |
| Sazonov et al. (2020) |
| V.V. Seredin data |
| Bryzgalov et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist Feb. 1999 +2 other references |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Pauliš |
| Háber et al. (SGR) |
| Háber M. (1980) | |
| Háber M. (1980) | |
| Háber et al. (SGR) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Karl Cäsar von Leonhard (1820) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) | |
| Ďuda et al. (1996) | |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa |
Slovenia | |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| in Spanish version (Revista de Minerales) +1 other reference |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Schulz (1858) |
| Carlos Luque Cabal (1985) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2003) |
| Saupe (1990) |
| Salvador Maturana (1995) | |
| Fabre (n.d.) | |
| Salvador Maturana (1995) |
| Maggie Wilson | |
| Salván et al. (2024) |
| Francisco Mayor |
Sweden | |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1987) |
Taiwan | |
| Simmons et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Chemical Geology 154 1999. 155–167 +1 other reference | |
| James K.C.Huang Collection | |
| Chemical Geology Volume 154 | |
Turkey | |
| Meteoritical Society 72nd meeting (2009) |
| |
| Mehmet Yildiz and Edgar H. Bailey (1978) |
| Mehmet Yildiz and Edgar H. Bailey (1978) |
| Mehmet Yildiz and Edgar H. Bailey (1978) | |
UK | |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| T.B.Greenland & R.S.W. Braithwaite (2012) |
| Kingsbury (1968) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| [World of Stones 12:20] |
USA | |
| USGS Open-File Report 01-269 |
| - (2008) | |
| USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Lawson (1913) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Faick (1958) +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10040371. |
| Ransome (1916) | |
| MRDS file #10040378. |
| Orr (1990) |
| Lausen (1926) +2 other references |
| Lausen (1926) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Keith (1974) +1 other reference |
| Beckman (1965) +1 other reference |
| Engineering Mining Jour. (1897) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Roberts et al. (2003) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Irwin's notes PSFC. +1 other reference |
| Watts (1893) +1 other reference |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1874) +1 other reference |
| Maxson (1933) +5 other references |
| O’Brien (1943) +1 other reference |
| O’Brien (1952b) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1916b) +4 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Friedrich (1888) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Forstner (1903) +1 other reference | |
| Yates (1946) +2 other references | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| Crawford (1894) +3 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals: 19: 40-41 +3 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6: 1096. | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pelletier | |
| Schmitz (1852) +1 other reference | |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Bradley (1918) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Bradley (1918) |
| Bradley (1918) +3 other references | |
| Dana 6:23. | |
| also portion of Orange and San ... +2 other references |
| Bradley (1918) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 61-72. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1918) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1918) |
| - (2005) |
| Von Leicht (1899) +4 other references |
| Rogers (1911) +2 other references |
| Rogers (1911) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1911) +3 other references |
| Davis (1955) +4 other references | |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1868) +2 other references | |
| Woodhouse (1934) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bradley (1918) +3 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bailey (1942) +3 other references |
| Crawford (1894) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Ransome (1939) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) |
| - (1908, September) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Becker (1888b) +4 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bradley (1918) +4 other references |
| Becker (1888b) +2 other references |
| Quicksilver resources of California: with a section on metallurgy and ore ... By Walter Wadsworth Bradley (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Becker (1888b) +6 other references |
| Forstner (1903) +3 other references | |
| Forstner (1903) +4 other references |
| Eggleston (1874-75) +3 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Miller (1890) +4 other references |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1893) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1854) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:144-145. |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Travis Olds field work 2010 |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Jour.Volcanology & Geothermal Res. ... +1 other reference |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Willden (1964) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| - (2005) | |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Johnson (1977) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Johnson (1977) | |
| - (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Min.:11:125. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Len Ramp et al (1977) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (1943) |
| - (2005) |
| - (1943) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 969 |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
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