Hammarite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hammarite
Formula:
Cu2Pb2Bi4S9
Colour:
Steel-grey with red tint
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
6.734
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
After the locality Gladhammar, Kalmar, Sweden.
Type Locality:
Aikinite-Bismuthinite Series.
Stoichiometrically very similar to emilite.
Compare 'UM1984-23-S:BiCuPb'.
Stoichiometrically very similar to emilite.
Compare 'UM1984-23-S:BiCuPb'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1812
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1812:4
Similar Names
| Hummerite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | K2Mg2(V10O28) · 16H2O |
IMA Classification of Hammarite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu1+2Pb2+2Bi3+4S2-9
First published:
1924
Classification of Hammarite
2.HB.05a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
3.4.5.4
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
5.7.7
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hmr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hmr | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hammarite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Steel-grey with red tint
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{010} good.
{010} good.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
6.734 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.05 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hammarite
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 39.7% | 43.6% |
| 420nm | 39.8% | 43.7% |
| 440nm | 39.8% | 43.8% |
| 460nm | 39.9% | 44.0% |
| 480nm | 40.1% | 44.1% |
| 500nm | 40.3% | 44.4% |
| 520nm | 40.2% | 44.6% |
| 540nm | 40.1% | 44.6% |
| 560nm | 40.0% | 44.7% |
| 580nm | 39.9% | 44.7% |
| 600nm | 39.8% | 44.6% |
| 620nm | 39.6% | 44.4% |
| 640nm | 39.4% | 44.1% |
| 660nm | 39.1% | 43.7% |
| 680nm | 38.8% | 43.3% |
| 700nm | 38.6% | 42.9% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 44.7%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Chemistry of Hammarite
Mindat Formula:
Cu2Pb2Bi4S9
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hammarite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Cell Parameters:
a = 33.772 Å, b = 11.5857 Å, c = 4.01 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.915 : 1 : 0.346
Unit Cell V:
1,569.00 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Short prisms; needle-like.
Comment:
SG Pbnm or Pbn21
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005129 | Hammarite | Horiuchi H, Wuensch B J (1976) The ordering scheme for metal atoms in the crystal structure of hammarite, Cu2Pb2Bi4S9 The Canadian Mineralogist 14 536-539 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.63 Å | (100b) |
| 3.14 Å | (100b) |
| 4.01 Å | (90b) |
| 3.56 Å | (80) |
| 2.83 Å | (80b) |
| 2.00 Å | (80) |
| 1.973 Å | (80) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Hammarite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Short prisms or needles on quartz.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Hydrothermal veins.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Hammarite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 32 photos of Hammarite associated with 'Calc-silicate rock' | |
| 8 photos of Hammarite associated with Friedrichite | Cu5Pb5Bi7S18 |
| 5 photos of Hammarite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Hammarite associated with Lindströmite | Cu3Pb3Bi7S15 |
| 3 photos of Hammarite associated with Krupkaite | CuPbBi3S6 |
| 3 photos of Hammarite associated with Aikinite | CuPbBiS3 |
| 2 photos of Hammarite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 2 photos of Hammarite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 2 photos of Hammarite associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 1 photo of Hammarite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.HB. | Barikaite | Ag3Pb10(Sb8As11)S40 |
| 2.HB. | Carducciite | (Ag2Sb2)Pb12(As,Sb)16S40 |
| 2.HB. | Sardashtite | Ag9Cu2.5Pb41Sb36.5As7S112 |
| 2.HB. | Interliveingite | AgPb18As25S56 |
| 2.HB. | Reckibachite | Ag2Pb12As14Sb4S40 |
| 2.HB.05a | Salzburgite | Cu1.6Pb1.6Bi6.4S12 |
| 2.HB.05c | Jaskólskiite | CuxPb2+x(Sb,Bi)2-xS5 (x ~ 0.15) |
| 2.HB.05 | 'UM1990-54-Se:BiCuPb' | CuPb(Ni,Co)0.3Bi3Se6 |
| 2.HB.05a | Aikinite | CuPbBiS3 |
| 2.HB.05a | Pekoite | CuPbBi11S18 |
| 2.HB.05a | Friedrichite | Cu5Pb5Bi7S18 |
| 2.HB.05b | Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 |
| 2.HB.05a | Paarite | Cu1.7Pb1.7Bi6.3S12 |
| 2.HB.05a | Lindströmite | Cu3Pb3Bi7S15 |
| 2.HB.05a | Emilite | Cu10.7Pb10.7Bi21.3S48 |
| 2.HB.05a | Gladite | CuPbBi5S9 |
| 2.HB.05a | Krupkaite | CuPbBi3S6 |
| 2.HB.05 | 'UM2000-46-S:BiCuPb' | Cu0.33Pb0.33Bi7.67S12 |
| 2.HB.10b | Izoklakeite | Pb27(Cu,Fe,Ag)2(Sb,Bi)19S57 |
| 2.HB.10c | Eclarite | (Cu,Fe)Pb9Bi12S28 |
| 2.HB.10a | Tintinaite | Pb22Cu4(Sb,Bi)30S69 |
| 2.HB.10b | Giessenite | Pb27Cu2(Bi,Sb)19S57 |
| 2.HB.10a | Kobellite | Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69 |
| 2.HB.15 | Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 |
| 2.HB.15 | Benavidesite | Pb4MnSb6S14 |
| 2.HB.20a | Nagyágite | [Pb3(Pb,Sb)3S6](Au,Te)3 |
| 2.HB.20b | Buckhornite | AuPb2BiTe2S3 |
| 2.HB.20e | Luxembourgite | AgCuPbBi4Se8 |
| 2.HB.20b | Jaszczakite | [Bi3S3][AuS2] |
| 2.HB.20d | Berryite | Cu3Ag2Pb3Bi7S16 |
| 2.HB.20e | Watkinsonite | Cu2PbBi4(Se,S,Te)8 |
| 2.HB.20c | Museumite | [Pb2(Pb,Sb)2S8][(Te,Au)2] |
| 2.HB.20e | Litochlebite | Ag2PbBi4Se8 |
| 2.HB.25 | Meerschautite | (Ag,Cu)6Pb43-2xSb44+2xS112Ox (x ~0.5) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hammarite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1812.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Hammarite
Reference List:
Johansson, K. (1924) Bidrag till Gladhammar-gruvornas mineralogi [Contribution to the mineralogy of the Gladhammar mines]. Arkiv für Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi [Archive for Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology], 9 (8) 1-22
Mumme, William G., Welin, Eric, Weunsch, B. J. (1976) Crystal chemistry and proposed nomenclature for sulfosalts intermediate in the system bismuthinite-aikinite (Bi2S3-CuPbBiS3). American Mineralogist, 61 (1-2). 15-20
Localities for Hammarite
Showing 69 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Huston et al. (1993) |
| Wormald (1993) |
Austria | |
| Thalhammer et al. (1989) |
| Mandarino (2002) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Todorov (1990) |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) |
China | |
| YIN et al. (2019) |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1992) |
| Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) |
| Yuan Zhang et al. (2008) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš et al. (2020) |
| |
| Petr Fuchs collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Schramm et al. (2023) | |
Greece | |
| Voudouris et al. (2010, April) |
| Voudouris et al. (2018) |
| Voudouris (2010) | |
Hungary | |
| collector: László Tóth +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| Ixer et al. (1990) |
Italy | |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) |
| Karup-Møller (1977) |
| Gian Claudio Lecca et al. (2024) | |
Japan | |
| IZUMINO et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Efimov A.V. Bismuthian mineralisation ... +1 other reference |
Myanmar | |
| Aung Myo et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Larsen et al. (2018) |
| Larsen et al. (2018) | |
Peru | |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
Poland | |
| Gołębiowska B. et al. (2005) |
| Mil et al. (2026) |
Romania | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Cook (1998) |
Russia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Rogov et al. (2023) |
| Rogov et al. (2023) | |
| |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
| Mikuš et al. (2026) |
| Pršek J. (Kandid. Diz.práca) |
| Pršek et al. (2001) |
| Jeleň et al. (2012) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Pršek J. (Kandid. dizert. práca) |
| Antal B. (1991) | |
| Ozdín et al. (1999) |
| Ozdín D. (2003) | |
Sweden (TL) | |
| Johansson (1924) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Locality description |
| see: +2 other references |
UK | |
| Lowry et al. (1994) |
USA | |
| Walsh et al. (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Zephyr Minerals Ltd. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Cooper et al. (1991) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Kovalenker et al. (1997) |
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Barbora adit, Knöttel area, Krupka, Teplice District, Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic