Gehlenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Gehlenite
Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen
Formula:
Ca2Al[AlSiO7]
Colour:
yellow-brown, colourless, greenish grey
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
5 - 6
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1815 by Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs in honor of Adolf Ferdinand Gehlen [5 September 1775 Bütow, Outer Pomerania, Prussia (Bytów, Poland) - 16 July 1815]. Gehlen was editor and publisher of publisher of Neues Allgemeines Journal der Chemie (1803–06), Journal für Chemie und Physik (1806-10) and the Repetitorium für die Pharmacie. He was initially a chemistry professor at the University of Halle (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg) and later chemist at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He died early due to arsenic poisoning.
Gehlenite-Åkermanite Series.
Chemically very similar to bicchulite and kamaishilite (both hydrous, however).
Chemically very similar to bicchulite and kamaishilite (both hydrous, however).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1668
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1668:7
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Gehlenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Al(SiAl)O7
Classification of Gehlenite
9.BB.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
B : Si2O7 groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
B : Si2O7 groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
55.4.1.2
55 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
4 : Si2O7 Groups, Generally with No Additional Anions with cations in [8] and lower coordination
55 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
4 : Si2O7 Groups, Generally with No Additional Anions with cations in [8] and lower coordination
16.9.1
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gh | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Gh | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Gh | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Gh | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Gh | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Gehlenite
Vitreous, Greasy
Colour:
Yellow-brown, colourless, greenish grey
Streak:
White, grey-white
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Optical Data of Gehlenite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.67 nε = 1.66
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Chemistry of Gehlenite
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Al[AlSiO7]
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mg,Mn,Na,K
Crystallography of Gehlenite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
42m - Scalenohedral
Space Group:
P421m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.6850(4) Å, c = 5.0636(3) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.659
Unit Cell V:
299.05 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Comment:
Synthetic material.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Display Options
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2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
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2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Rotation
Stop | Start
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Labels
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005090 | Gehlenite | Louisnathan S J (1971) Refinement of the crystal structure of a natural gehlenite, Ca2Al(Al,Si)2O7 The Canadian Mineralogist 10 822-837 |  | 1971 | Crestmore, California, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0007695 | Gehlenite | Swainson I P, Dove M T, Schmahl W W, Putnis A (1992) Neutron powder diffraction study of the akermanite-gehlenite solid solution series Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 185-195 | 1992 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007694 | Gehlenite | Swainson I P, Dove M T, Schmahl W W, Putnis A (1992) Neutron powder diffraction study of the akermanite-gehlenite solid solution series Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 185-195 | 1992 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0017917 | Gehlenite | Raaz F (1930) Ueber den Feinbau des Gehlenit. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Melilithe _cod_database_code 1011002 Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien 139 645-672 | 1930 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.066 Å | (43) |
| 2.848 Å | (100) |
| 2.738 Å | (32) |
| 2.437 Å | (38) |
| 1.921 Å | (64) |
| 1.818 Å | (75) |
| 1.768 Å | (36) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
| 3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56) | <0.36 |
Type Occurrence of Gehlenite
Synonyms of Gehlenite
Other Language Names for Gehlenite
Relationship of Gehlenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Melilite Group:
| Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
| Alumoåkermanite | (CaNa)Al[Si2O7] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
| Bennesherite | Ba2Fe2+[Si2O7] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
| 'Ferri-gehlenite' | Ca2Fe3+[AlSiO7] | |
| Ferroåkermanite | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
| Gugiaite | Ca2Be[Si2O7] | Tet. 42m : P42m |
| Hardystonite | Ca2Zn[Si2O7] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
| Hydroxylgugiaite | (Ca,◻)2(Si,Be)[(Be,Si)2O5.5(OH)1.5] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
| Okayamalite | Ca2B[BSiO7] | Tet. 42m : P421m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 19 photos of Gehlenite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 11 photos of Gehlenite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 9 photos of Gehlenite associated with Larnite | Ca2SiO4 |
| 9 photos of Gehlenite associated with Wayneburnhamite | Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3 |
| 9 photos of Gehlenite associated with 'Limonite' | |
| 9 photos of Gehlenite associated with Stringhamite | CaCu(SiO4) · H2O |
| 7 photos of Gehlenite associated with Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| 6 photos of Gehlenite associated with Merwinite | Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 |
| 5 photos of Gehlenite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 5 photos of Gehlenite associated with Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BB.10 | Hardystonite | Ca2Zn[Si2O7] |
| 9.BB.10 | Okayamalite | Ca2B[BSiO7] |
| 9.BB.10 | Jeffreyite | (Ca,Na)2(Be,Al)(Si2O7,HSi2O7) |
| 9.BB.10 | Alumoåkermanite | (CaNa)Al[Si2O7] |
| 9.BB.10 | Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| 9.BB.10 | 'Ferri-gehlenite' | Ca2Fe3+[AlSiO7] |
| 9.BB.10 | Ferroåkermanite | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] |
| 9.BB.10 | Cebollite | Ca5Al2(SiO4)3(OH)4 |
| 9.BB.10 | Hydroxylgugiaite | (Ca,◻)2(Si,Be)[(Be,Si)2O5.5(OH)1.5] |
| 9.BB.10 | Gugiaite | Ca2Be[Si2O7] |
| 9.BB.15 | Barylite | Be2Ba(Si2O7) |
| 9.BB.15 | 'Barylite-1O' | Be2Ba(Si2O7) |
| 9.BB.20 | Bennesherite | Ba2Fe2+[Si2O7] |
| 9.BB.20 | Andrémeyerite | BaFe2+2(Si2O7) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Gehlenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1668.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Gehlenite
Reference List:
Osborn, E. F., Schairer, J. F. (1941) The ternary system pseudowollastonite-akermanite-gehlenite. American Journal of Science, 239 (10) 715-763 doi:10.2475/ajs.239.10.715
Christie, O.H.J. (1962) On sub solidus relations of silicates. IV. The systems åkermanite - sodium-gehlenite and gehlenite - sodium gehlenite. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 42 (1-2). 31-44
Hirschberg, A. (1970) The melting curve of gehlenite. Die Naturwissenschaften, 57 (1). 37 doi:10.1007/bf00593553
Hoschek, G. (1973) Experimental formation of gehlenite from anorthite + calcite. Die Naturwissenschaften, 60 (12). 548 doi:10.1007/bf01178337
Hoschek, Gert (1974) Gehlenite stability in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-CO2. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 47 (4) 245-254 doi:10.1007/bf00390149
Marotta, A., Buri, A., Valenti, G. L. (1978) Crystallization kinetics of gehlenite glass. Journal of Materials Science, 13. 2483-2486 doi:10.1007/bf00808065
Finch, C.B., Ball, F.L., Bates, J.B. (1981) Czochralski growth of single-crystal gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7). Journal of Crystal Growth, 54 (3). 482-484 doi:10.1016/0022-0248(81)90502-9
Charlu, T.V., Newton, R.C., Kleppa, O.J. (1981) Thermochemistry of synthetic Ca2Al2SiO7 (gehlenite)-Ca2MgSi2O7 (åkermanite) melilites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45 (9) 1609-1617 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(81)90289-1
Kimata, M., Ii, N. Ibaraki (1982) The structural property of synthetic gehlenite, Ca2Al2SiO7. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 144 (3). 254-267 doi:10.1127/njma/144/1982/254
Sharma, Shiv K., Simons, Bruno, Yoder, H. S. (1983) Raman study of anorthite, calcium Tschermak's pyroxene, and gehlenite in crystalline and glassy states. American Mineralogist, 68 (11-12) 1113-1125
Hemingway, Bruce S., Robie, Richard A. (1984) Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions for gehlenite and staurolite: with comments on the Schottky anomaly in the heat capacity of staurolite. American Mineralogist, 69 (3-4) 307-318
HENMI, Chiyoko (1987) A hydrothermal experiment for retrograde change of gehlenite. Mineralogical Journal, 13 (6) 347-367 doi:10.2465/minerj.13.347
ONUMA, KOSUKE, MORIDAIRA, HIDEYA (1991) The system diopside-akermanite-gehlenite at 1 atm. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 86 (12) 554-559 doi:10.2465/ganko.86.554
Swainson, Ian P., Dove, Martin T., Schmahl, Wolfgang W., Putnis, Andrew (1992) Neutron powder diffraction study of the åkermanite-gehlenite solid solution series. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 19 (3). 185-195 doi:10.1007/bf00202107
Bouhifd, M. A., Gruener, G., Mysen, B. O., Richet, P. (2002) Premelting and calcium mobility in gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and parawollastonite (CaSiO3). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 29 (10). 655-662 doi:10.1007/s00269-002-0276-0
Traoré, Karfa, Blanchart, Philippe (2003) Structural transformation of a kaolinite and calcite mixture to gehlenite and anorthite. Journal of Materials Research, 18 (2) 475-481 doi:10.1557/jmr.2003.0060
Gemmi, M., Merlini, M., Cruciani, G., Artioli, G. (2007) Non-ideality and defectivity of the åkermanite-gehlenite solid solution: An X-ray diffraction and TEM study. American Mineralogist, 92 (10). 1685-1694 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2380
Localities for Gehlenite
Showing 163 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
| Yurimoto et al. (2001) |
| Jeffrey N. Grossman (1988) |
Argentina | |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection |
Australia | |
| Yash Redkar Collection |
| Baker (1953) |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| The analysises were made at Joanneum ... |
| Exel (1993) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Agaev et al. (2019) |
Belgium | |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Yana Tzvetanova et al. (2018) |
Canada | |
| OWENS et al. (2010) |
| Dolan (1923) |
China | |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) | |
| Xiyue Wang et al. (1987) |
| Wenji Bai et al. (2001) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
| Žáček et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Methot et al. (1975) |
France | |
| Marrocchi et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Boisson et al. (2014) |
Georgia | |
| Galuskina et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Weiß et al. (1999) |
| Fischer et al. (1983) |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) | |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) +1 other reference | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1987) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin (2012) | |
| Juroszek et al. (2024) | |
| Galuskin et al. (2016) | |
| Juroszek et al. (2024) | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Hentschel (1961) | |
| Schüller et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Fehér (2000) |
India | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Knuever et al. (2023) | |
Iran | |
| Mollai et al. (2009) |
Israel | |
| Galuskin et al. (2015) |
| Sharygin et al. (2008) | |
| Juroszek et al. (2025) | |
| Galuskina et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Tony Nikischer and Luis Menezes +2 other references | |
| Krzątała et al. (2023) | |
| Sharygin et al. (2019) | |
| Galuskina et al. (2024) | |
| Sokol et al. (2015) | |
| Britvin et al. (2019) +4 other references | |
| Galuskina et al. (2025) | |
| Galuskin et al. (2024) |
| Galuskin +1 other reference | |
| Futrzyński et al. (2023) | |
| Galuskin et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Galuskin et al. (2016) | |
| Galuskina et al. (2026) +1 other reference | |
Italy | |
| Imma Punzo find & collection |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 | |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Panikorovskii et al. (2017) | |
| Weisberg et al. (1990) |
| Christophe-Michel-Levy (1968) +4 other references |
| Schingaro et al. (2001) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Carlini et al. (2018) |
| |
| Gresta et al. (2002) | |
| Passaglia et al. (1982) |
| Lapis 28 (12) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| J. N. Fuchs (1815) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Cathrein (1887 b) +1 other reference | |
| Cathrein (1887 b) +2 other references |
| Exel (1987) | |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Liotti (1991) |
| Stoppa et al. (2009) |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Matsuyama (2001) |
| Banno Y et al. (2014) | |
| Forrest Cureton and Excalibur Mineral ... |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Harada et al. (2016) | |
| Henmi et al. (1973) +6 other references |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ivanova et al. (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Takeshima et al. (2022) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1964 33 : 841-852 |
| Wright F E (1908) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) |
New Zealand | |
| Mason (1957) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Caltech | |
| Fintor et al. (2013) | |
Palestine | |
| Sokol et al. (2011) +3 other references |
| Galuskina et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Juroszek et al. (2019) | |
Poland | |
| Cempa et al. (2024) |
| Kruszewski et al. (Lower Silesian Coal Basin) |
| Ł. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD data +1 other reference |
| Cempa et al. (2024) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD and EPMA data |
Romania | |
| Marincea +4 other references |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Marincea et al. (2011) |
| Constantinescu et al. (1988b) +3 other references |
| Marincea et al. (2014, September) +1 other reference |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2014) |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 39: 1435-1453. +1 other reference |
| Marincea et al. (2001) +3 other references | |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Sokol et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Galuskina et al. (2010) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2020) |
Spain | |
| Doménech-Carbó et al. (2024) |
Sweden | |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
Turkey | |
| Taner et al. (2013) |
Uganda | |
| Barker et al. (1989) |
UK | |
| Embrey (1978) +2 other references |
| Tilley et al. (1948) | |
| Tilley (1947) |
| Beard et al. (2007) |
| American Mineralogist 35:1080 |
USA | |
| Am Min (1962) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +5 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Shannon (1922) | |
| |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Keil et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Bastin (1911) |
| Taylor (1935) +1 other reference | |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Grady et al. (2015) |
| Smith (1991) |
| |
| Fredriksson (1969) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cosca et al. (1988) |
Outer Space | |
| Gornitz (2007) |
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Vaţa de Sus, Vaţa de Jos, Hunedoara County, Romania