Annex C

(informative)

Compatibility [diff]

C.8 C++ and C [diff.iso]

C.8.3 Clause [basic]: basics [diff.basic]

Affected subclause: [basic.def]

Change: C++ does not have “tentative definitions” as in C.

[Example 1:

At file scope, int i; int i; is valid in C, invalid in C++.

— end example]

This makes it impossible to define mutually referential file-local objects with static storage duration, if initializers are restricted to the syntactic forms of C.

[Example 2: struct X { int i; struct X* next; }; static struct X a; static struct X b = { 0, &a }; static struct X a = { 1, &b }; — end example]

Rationale: This avoids having different initialization rules for fundamental types and user-defined types.

Effect on original feature: Deletion of semantically well-defined feature.

Difficulty of converting: Semantic transformation.

In C++, the initializer for one of a set of mutually-referential file-local objects with static storage duration must invoke a function call to achieve the initialization.

How widely used: Seldom.

Affected subclause: [basic.scope]

Change: A struct is a scope in C++, not in C.

[Example 3:

struct X { struct Y { int a; } b; }; struct Y c; is valid in C but not in C++, which would require X::Y c;.

— end example]

Rationale: Class scope is crucial to C++, and a struct is a class.

Effect on original feature: Change to semantics of well-defined feature.

Difficulty of converting: Semantic transformation.

How widely used: C programs use struct extremely frequently, but the change is only noticeable when struct, enumeration, or enumerator names are referred to outside the struct.

The latter is probably rare.

Affected subclause: [basic.link] [also [dcl.type]]

Change: A name of file scope that is explicitly declared const, and not explicitly declared extern, has internal linkage, while in C it would have external linkage.

Rationale: Because const objects may be used as values during translation in C++, this feature urges programmers to provide an explicit initializer for each const object.

This feature allows the user to put const objects in source files that are included in more than one translation unit.

Effect on original feature: Change to semantics of well-defined feature.

Difficulty of converting: Semantic transformation.

How widely used: Seldom.

Affected subclause: [basic.start.main]

Change: The main function cannot be called recursively and cannot have its address taken.

Rationale: The main function may require special actions.

Effect on original feature: Deletion of semantically well-defined feature.

Difficulty of converting: Trivial: create an intermediary function such as mymain(argc, argv).

How widely used: Seldom.

Affected subclause: [basic.types]

Change: C allows mixing between “compatible types” in several places where C++ does not.

For example, enumerated types are “compatible” with their underlying types in C but, in C++, enumerations are types distinct from their underlying types.

Rationale: Stricter type checking is essential for C++.

Effect on original feature: Deletion of semantically well-defined feature.

Difficulty of converting: Semantic transformation.

The “typesafe linkage” mechanism will find many, but not all, such problems.

Some cases are allowed by C++ according to the “layout compatibility rules” of this document.

How widely used: Common.