Gaston Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
Austrian deaths:
KIA: 32,622
Dead of wounds + disease: 93,408
MIA: 19,592
TOTAL: 145,622
Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused By War (1923)
Austrian:
Killed: 32,000
Dead of wounds or disease: 93,400
TOTAL: 125,400
Prussian:
Killed: 180,000
The Historians' History of the World by Henry Smith
Williams, 1904, vol. 12, p. 352: “The Seven Years' War was a
glorious means of personal aggrandisement to Frederick... yet it
cost... 180,000 lives among his own partisans, a general diminution of
Prussia's population by 500,000, and a grand total of 853,000 soldiers
killed on all sides.”
Clodfelter (v.1, pp.99-100): "The conflict was the bloodiest
of the eighteenth century"
"One estimate": 868,000 d., all causes
"Another": 460,000 Austrians and allies, and 180,000
Prussians died.
Urlanis:
K. in Battle: 140,000 (p.45)
Military. Killed and died: 550,000 (p.226)
The civilian population of Austria declined from
5,739,000 to 4,890,000 --
a loss of 849,000. (p.282)
NOTE: The era of almost continuous warfare that followed the
overthrow of
the French monarchy is traditionally split into three parts:
The Revolution itself (including
all internal
conflicts)
The Revolutionary Wars during which France fought
international wars as a
Republic
The Napoleonic Wars,
during which
France fought international wars as an Empire.
The numbers here
generally refer only to the international wars of the Republican
period, but not
always.
Clodfelter
War of the 1st Coalition, 1792-97
French: 100,000 combat d.
Austrian: 94,700
War of the 2nd Coalition, 1799-1801
French: 75,000 KIA
Austrian: 79,520 KIA
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 290,000
Military. Killed and died: 1,100,000
The Napoleonic Empire, 2d ed (1991, 2003) Geoffrey
Ellis (citing
Esdaile)
KIA, Died of Wounds + Camp Disease, France Proper:
1,400,000 during the
period 1792-1815, incl. 916,000 [65%] under the Empire. [Which would
leave
484,000 dead (or 35%) under the Republic.]
Total war dead among all Eur. armies: 3 million [35% or
1.05M under the
Republic?]
Levy: 663,000
Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 1,030,000 mil. = 2,030,000
Gaston Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
Austrian KIA + deaths from wounds: 35,000 to 40,000
TOTAL, both sides: 400,000
Clodfelter: ca. 400,000 d. (both sides) incl. 35,000 Austrians
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 235,000
Military. Killed and died: 700,000
Levy: 1,251,000
Eckhardt: 1,251,000 military
Sorokin (k+w):
TOTAL: 1,324,300 [K=1/4-1/3:
330-440,000]
MEDIAN: between 700,000 and 1,251,000 [ca. 1m]
Population of France declined from 19m to between 16m and
17m. (John Bassett Moore, "International Law and Some Current
Illusions", p.119, Proceedings of the Fifty-ninth convocation of
the University of the State of New York, Oct. 18 and 19, 1923)
Sweden (+Baltics + Finland) lost 350,000 d. of all causes.
Cost to Russia, Poland, Denmark, Saxony unkn. but higher.
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 70,000
Military. Killed and died: 300,000
Levy: 64,000
Sorokin (k+w)
Russia: 315,000
Poland: 55,040
Prussia: 3,600
England: 1,000
TOTAL: 374,640 [K=1/4-1/3:
95-125,000]
The population of Finland plunged from 400,000 to 330,000
(Tapio, “War and the Great Wrath,” Finnish American
Reporter, Vol. 8 p. 23, February 28, 1995; Solsten, et al., Finland:
A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress, 1988
Reed S. Browning, The War of the Austrian Succession
(1995) p.377: "to the 100000 men in arms who perished as a consequence
of the war must be added an additional 400000 civilians.... The War of
the Austrian Succession killed half a million people." The same
numbers (100,000 + 400,000) appear in Armstrong Starkey's War in
the Age of the Enlightenment, 1700-1789 (2003) p.6.
John DeFrancis, In the footsteps of Genghis Khan,
p.175: “By 1755, nine-tenths of the Dzungars and their allies,
some six hundred thousand people, had been wiped out”
Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia: a record of
travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria (1914)
v.2 p.376: “When the Chinese invaded Dzungaria, they killed off
her population to a man — of six hundred thousand inhabitants not
one remained.”
Executions: 13,800-18,613 with trial, 25-40,000 without
trial
Wars: 400,000 in Revolutionary Wars; 400-500,000 in civil
wars
Bell, First Total War, p.156: 250,000 dead in the
Vendee.
Spark Notes: 250,000 k. in 9 months of the Reign o'Terror [http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/frenchrev/summary.html]
Rummel: 263,000
Clodfelter: 80-100,000 d. in Vendee in 1793
Pitirim Sorokin, The Sociology of Revolution (1967):
1,400,000 "men
perished", 1789-1801. This would include all those killed in the
Revolutionary Wars as well.
Rogozinski, A Brief History of the Caribbean
(1994):
More than one third of the 435,000 slaves died (i.e.
>145,000)
1791: rebel slaves killed 2,000 whites
1793-98: 13,000 out of 20,000 British troops died,
mostly of disease.
1802-1803: French lost 40,000 soldiers.
James Trager, The People's Chronology (1992):
2,000 Whites and
10,000 Blacks and Mulattoes k (1791) (also, LC [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html])
Clodfelter: 1,512 UK KIA and 13,400 died of wounds and
disease. Est. 3000
battle deaths (KIA+DOW, British side)
Library Journal book review of Faragher, A Great
and Noble
Scheme: 10,000 Acadian (French) settlers died being deported from
Nova
Scotia of starvation, disease, warfare, exposure.
Ripley and Dana, The American cyclopaedia: a popular
dictionary of general knowledge, Volume 9, p.209: 200,000 Maratha
soldiers k. at Battle of Panipat
Clodfelter
Maratha camp followers massacred by Afghans: 20,000
Maratha soldiers k. at B. of Panipat: 20,000
Burmese-Chinese War (1765-69)
Clodfelter: 20,000 Chinese KIA
Russo-Turkish War (1768-74)
Sorokin (k+w)
Russia: 28,000
Poland: 11,500
TOTAL: 39,500
Levy: 14,000
Annam, Tay Son Revolution (1772-1802)
Clodefelter: 10,000 Chinese drowned in Red River after losing
Hanoi
Louis Duncan, Medical Men in the American Revolution
(1931) Page 373
US:
KIA and mortally wounded: 7,000
Disease: 63,000
TOTAL: 70,000
UK:
KIA and mortally wounded: 4,000
Disease: 27,000
TOTAL: 31,000
Hessians:
KIA and mortally wounded: 1,800
Disease: 6,000
TOTAL: 7,800
TOTAL: 108,800
Clodfelter
US dead, citing Peckham, The Toll of Independence
KIA: 6,824, incl. naval
POW deaths: 8,500
Disease, etc.: 10,000
[TOTAL: 25,324]
British side: 15,000 KIA+DOW, incl...
Lost at sea: 3,000
Tories and Canadians: 3,000
German mercenaries: 3,000
NAm Indians: 500
American allies:
French: 10,000 battle dead, 75% at sea.
Spain: 5,000
Netherlands: 500
[TOTAL: 37,324 battle dead, all sides, all theaters, plus
18,500 Americans
dead of disease, which would give an overall total of 55,824 w/o
Brtitish,
French and Hessian disease deaths. It looks like about a third of the
battle
dead (ca. 11,500 French, US, UK) died in the war at sea.]
Thomas Purvis, A Dictionary of American History
(1995)
US deaths:
KIA on land: 6,090
KIA at sea: 1,084
Disease: 10,000
Deaths among POWs: 8,000
[TOTAL: 25,174]
Oscar Reiss, Medicine and the American Revolution
(1998)
US deaths:
KIA: 6,500
Disease: 10,000
Deaths among POWs: 8,500
TOTAL: 25,000
Official DoD: 4,435 US KIA
The 1991 Information Please Almanac: 4,435 US KIA
The World Almanac and Book of Facts (1985): 6,824 KIA
+ 18,500
other = 25,324 deaths
Robin May, The British Army in North America 1775-1783
(1997): perhaps 12,000 Americans killed, not very different to the
number of British
killed.
Edwin G. Burrows, Forgotten patriots: the untold story
of American prisoners during the ...
Rebels killed in combat: 6,824
Loyalists (very rough est.)
killed in combat: 1,700
died in prison: 5,300
TOTAL American deaths on both sides: 41,100
Levy: 34,000
Eckhardt: 20,000 military
Elizabeth Fenn, Pox Americana: the great smallpox
epidemic of 1775-82
Estimated minimal mortality across North America,
1775-82: 130,658, incl.
the following deaths associated with the Revolutionary War, as the
armies spread
the virus around the English colonies:
Military
Quebec: 538
Retreat from Canada: 700
Ethiopian Reg.: 480
Alexandria: 20
[TOTAL: ca. 1,738, probably incl. in all the
military estimates above.]
Civilian
Boston: 287
Nova Scotia: 153
Iroquois: 170
Hudson R.: 58
NC Moravians: 13
SC black loyalists: 2,000
Wilmington NC: 5
VA black loyalists: 3,500 of smallpox
T Jefferson est.: of 30,000 Virginia slaves
who joined the British, 27,000
died of smallpox and camp fever. [published in The writings of Thomas Jefferson,
G.P.Putnam and Sons, 1895, vol. 5, p. 40]
[TOTAL: ca. 6,186 war-related smallpox deaths,
plus maybe (?) another
23,500 d. of "camp fever".]
William Osborn: The Wild Frontier: atrocities during the
American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee (2000)
Deaths caused by specific settler atrocities (1775-83):
124
Deaths caused by specific Indian atrocities (1775-83): 568
Tariq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads
and Modernity:
5,000 inhabitants of Karbala killed (1801). Population of Taif
massacred
(1802).
130-132 living slaves cast overboard to save food/water [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3581815.stm
or http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h280.html
or
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A25167-2005Jan20?language=printer]
Adding all the events listed here gives a very, very
(very)
tentative total of 18 Million unnatural deaths during the 18th Century.
Using "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" by Carl
Haub [http://www.prb.org/Content/ContentGroups/PTarticle/0ct-Dec02/How_Many_People_Have_Ever_Lived_on_Earth_.htm]
We can calculate the number of deaths between 1750 and
1850 as
[1750_population] + [Births_1750-1850] - [1850_population] =
[Deaths_1750-1850]
= ca. 3576 million.
We can calculate the number of deaths between 1650 and
1750 as
[1650_population] + [Births_1650-1750] - [1750_population] =
[Deaths_1650-1750]
= ca. 2877 million.
Adding half of [1] and half of [2] would give us some
3226 million deaths
in the 19th Century.
Eighteen million unnatural deaths would be 0.6% of 3.2
billion deaths (or 1
out of every 179). This is a lot lower than either the 19th or 20th
Centuries
death rates, but we shouldn't take this as proof that the 18th Century
was more
peaceful. With a childhood mortality rate far higher than later eras,
fewer
people would live long enough to get caught up in wars and tyranny.
