ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ (1899ึพ1967)

<ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Samuel Kalman Mirsky

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืกืืจ, ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ื”' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจื "ื˜, 15 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1899 ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืฉื”-ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืืกืชืจ-ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฆื”. ื›ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืขืœื• ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืืจืฆื”. ื ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช (1915). ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืขโ€ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ืžืฉืง. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžืฉืง ื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.  ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ (1924). ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื—ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.  ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ โ€œื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™โ€. ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืช ืจโ€™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ (ืชืจโ€ืค). ื‘-1926 (ืชืจืคโ€ื–) ื‘ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœื—ื ืŸ. ืœื™ืžื“ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื’โ€™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ. ืขื ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืจื‘ืœ ื ืชืžื ื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง. ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954 ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€œื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจโ€ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื• ืคืืจืง ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆโ€ื— ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื ืืช โ€œื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™โ€. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื—ื’ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉโ€ืก ืžืกืจื• ืœื• ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืชื‘-ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื•ื”ื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช โ€œืฉื•ืœืžื™ืชโ€. ื™ื™ืกื“ (ืชืฉโ€ื“) ื•ืขืจืš ืืช "ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช", ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”, ืื’ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื– ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื• ื•ืžืื– 1945 ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”-ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™โ€ื‘ ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€œืกื•ืจืโ€, ืฉืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืจืš ืืช "ืกื•ืจื", ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ืชืฉื™โ€ื“โ€“ืชืฉื›โ€ื“). ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื˜โ€ื– ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”-ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืืช โ€œืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื•ืจืš "ืคืจืงื™ื", ื‘ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” (ื™ืฆืื• 4 ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืชืฉื˜โ€ื–โ€“ืชืฉื›โ€ื•). ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™โ€ื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘โ€ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจโ€ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ืกื“ื™ ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ โ€œThe Horizonโ€ ื•ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืฆโ€ื—โ€“ืชืจืฆโ€ื˜. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›โ€ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื’โ€™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืฆื™ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™-ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”, ืชืจื ืžืืžืจ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉืคืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจ, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืชืจืฆโ€ื—, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืช ื›-80 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื“ืชื™. (ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘). ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงื™ื“ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื‘ื• โ€“ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ื™ืคื” ื•ืจื‘ืช-ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืกืงืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืชื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ืขืจืš ืืช โ€œืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืโ€ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืฉื˜โ€ื•. ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–โ€™ื™ืŸ) ื•โ€ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื”โ€ (ืฉื, ืชืฉื™โ€ื˜). ื”ื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื• ืžื ื—ื ื‘โ€ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ (ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืคืจ, ืชืฉื™โ€ื); ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจโ€™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘โ€ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื™โ€ืฃ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื (ืชืฉื˜โ€ื•) ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื™โ€ืฃ ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื™. ืืœืคื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืฉื›โ€ื’); ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจโ€™ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืจื™โ€ืฃ ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ (ืชืฉื˜โ€ื–); ื•ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ ืื—ืื™ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื›โ€ื™ ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช (ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ืชืฉื›โ€ื‘ โ€“ ืชืฉืœโ€ื–). ื‘ื›ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืžืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื“โ€ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ืœืจื‘ื ื• ืฆื“ืงื™ื” ื‘โ€ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจื•ืคื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืคืจืกื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ (ืชืฉื›โ€ื•) ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืขื ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช). ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื–ื›ืจื• (ืชืฉืœโ€ื) ื ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช). ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืกื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืœื–ืจื™ื—ื” โ€“ ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื” ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื” (ืชืฉื™โ€ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก โ€œืงืจืŸ ืœืžื“โ€); ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืื™ืฉื™ื, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ืชืฉื™โ€ื’), ื•ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืฉื›โ€ื‘). ืชืจืก ื›ืžื” ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™โ€ื” ืงื•ืง, ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘-Universal Jewish encyclopedia. ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ื ืฉื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›โ€ื“ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื  ืฉื–"ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื—ื•. ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“โ€ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“โ€ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื. ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™โ€ื—. ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืืคืคืขืœ, ืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื ื‘ืชืฉืœโ€ื. ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื›"ื• ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›"ื–, 1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967 ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
[ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืคืจืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 'ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช']
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืฉ"ืง ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ 'ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™', ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:
ืขืจื™ื›ื”:
ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
  • ืคืจืฉืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”.  ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืง. ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ : ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ืœืžืœืืช ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืจื‘ืฆืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” / ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“"ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื. ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ืŸ (ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง : ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืชืฉื™"ื— 1958), ืขืž' 539ึพ558 <ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืืจื™ื” ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืขื•ืจืš ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืืคืคืขืœ ; ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ, ืžืฉื” ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ "ืกื•ืจื" ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื, 1970), ืขืž' ืฉ"ื˜-ืฉื˜"ื–>
ืžืืžืจื™ื
  • ืœื™ืฃ, ื—ื™ื™ื.  ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืง. ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ.  ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืขื•ืจืš ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืืคืคืขืœ ; ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ, ืžืฉื” ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ "ืกื•ืจื" ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื, 1970), ืขืž' ืจืก"ื’-ืจืข"ื—.
  • ืžื™ืจืกืงื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ. ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™.  ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื” 47, ื’ืœ' ื' (ืœ' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื›"ื—, 3 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1967), ืขืž' 4ึพ5; ื’ืœ' ื‘' (ื–' ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉื›"ื—, 10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1967), ืขืž' 31ึพ32 <ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื˜"ื• (1955) ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ 'ื’ื ื–ื™ื'> <ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจืกืงื™ : ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ / ืขื•ืจืš ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืืคืคืขืœ ; ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ, ืžืฉื” ืขืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ "ืกื•ืจื" ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื, 1970), ืขืž' ืจืข"ื˜-ืจืฆ"ื’>
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

[ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: 28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2018]

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ