ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก (1919ึพ2005)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Yedidya Peles

ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก (ืคืœื•ืจืกื”ื™ื™ื) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื“' ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจ"ืค, 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1919  ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”  ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ืœืืžื• ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช. ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื“ืชื™, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืืžื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืื“ื•ืง.  ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘-1933 ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืืจืฅ โ€“ ืœื—ื™ืคื”. ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืขืœื• ื”ื•ื (ื‘ืŸ ื”-13) ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข, ื‘ืช ื”-12 . ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืชืื•ื โ€“ ืžืงืก โ€“ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“, ื•ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืจืคืชื” ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.  ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™. ืฉื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื ืขืŸ, ืœื—ื•ืœืชื”, ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1939. ื‘ื—ื•ืœืชื” ืขื‘ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืžื›ื‘ืกื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืงื“ื—ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื‘-1943, ื ื™ืฉื ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืคืœืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื™ืง ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื•, ื—ื•ืœืชื”: ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืชืจื’ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ. ื‘-1943 ื ืฉืœื— ืœืกืžื™ื ืจ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจืคืชืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืจืคืช ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš. ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืชื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœื ืชืŸ ื–ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืืกืคืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืขื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ืคืฉืจื” "ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช" ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœืงื•ืจืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-20 ืฉื ื”, ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•"ืœื•ืช ื—ืงืจ, ืชืจื’ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืคืจืกื, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืชื”.  ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1994 ื ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื•ื—ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืชืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื•.  ื‘ื›"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉืก"ื”, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2005 ื ืคื˜ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื• 10 ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ื™ื ื™ื.

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ / ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืœ"ื–) <"ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ืืจ "ืžื•ืกืžืš ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”" ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช">
  • ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ : ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ (ื—ื•ืœืชื” ; ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืœ"ื˜)

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืขืจื™ื›ื”:

  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื’ื ื”ื’ื•ื•ืข / ืžืืช ืคื˜ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ืจ, 1960)
  • ืœืฉืžืฉ : ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ / ืคื˜ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื›"ื˜)
  • ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ : ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— / ืคื˜ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1971)
  • ืื’ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื : ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช / ืคื˜ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1972)
  • ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื•ื”ืคืจืคืจ / ืงืœืื•ืก ื‘ื•ืจืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื—ื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื˜) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื - ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืœืฆ'ืง>
  • ืฉื ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ืœืœื• : ืกืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช / ืœื•ื“ื•ื™ืง ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืœ"ื˜ 1979) <ืื™ื•ืจื™ื - ืื ื“ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื”>
  • ื“ื’ ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ / ืœืื• ืœื™ื•ื ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉ"ื)
  • ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื : ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื™ืจืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืžืงืืžื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉ"ื 1980)
  • ืžื“ื•ืžื” : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื / ื ืœื™ ื–ืง"ืฉ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืž"ื)
  • ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” / ืืจื™ื” ืœื•ื“ื•ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1985) <ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืจื™ื‘ื ืจ. ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช-ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก>
  • ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ / ื ืœื™ ื–ืง"ืฉ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ : ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ืชืฉืž"ื– 1987)
  • ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช / ืžืฉื” ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1988) <ืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจ - ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ื‘ืœ>
  • ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช : ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื" ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” 1920ึพ1942 / ืฉืœืžื” ื–ื™ื• (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืื•ืช, 1990)
  • ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืš : ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ืŸ : ื“ืžืฉืง ื' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืข"ื“ - ื—ื•ืœืชื” ื“' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืž"ื˜ (ื—ื•ืœืชื”, ืชืฉื "ื)
  • ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืจื™ืœืงื” ื•ืื ื™ / ืžืจื™ืืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1991) <ืชืจื’ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘-ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืžืจื™ื ืจื•ืŸ ; ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก>
  • ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืขื” : ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” / ื“ื•ื“ ืจื•ืกืงื™ืก (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื "ื’ 1993)
  • ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช : ืœืงื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื ืืฆื™ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1993)
  • ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช : ืžื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ืขื“ ื”ืจื•ืงื•ืงื• / ืื•ืจื–ื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1994) <ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ - ืงื•ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜>
  • ืฉืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช : ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช / ืื˜ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1994)
  • ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื"ื™ : ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื•ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื / ืคืจืื ืฅ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืชืฉื "ื” 1994) <ืงื™ื‘ืฅ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืกืขื•ืจ>
  • ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื˜ืจื–ื™ืŸ / ืคื˜ืจ ืงื™ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉื "ื• 1996) <ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื - ืคื˜ืจ ืงื™ืŸ>
  • ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืœื— : ื ื•ื‘ืœื” / ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื›ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1998)
  • ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ : ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืช / ืื“ื’ืจ ืืœืŸ ืคื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉ"ืก 1999) <ืžื‘ื•ื - ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืคื•ืจืช ; ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ - ืช"ืก ืืœื™ื•ื˜>

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคืœืก
  • ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™, ืืคืจืช.  "ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช" ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” "ืื—ืจืช".  ืžืื–ื ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ืก"ื—, ื’ืœ' 3 (ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื "ื“, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1993), ืขืž' 48ึพ49.
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ