ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ (1888ึพ1967)

 <ื‘ื”ื›ื ื”>

Meir Mohar

ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื•ื–ื‘ืื“ื•ื‘, ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”) ื‘ื›"ื• ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืž"ื˜, 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1888. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืกื‘ื• ื•ืื‘ื™-ืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ ืกืช"ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืื•ืจื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื•ื—-ื™ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ื‘-1910 ืฉืœื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื ื™-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื˜ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™  "ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”" ืฉืœ ื’. ืจื•ื–ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ (ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, 1912). ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ืืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืชื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืงืจื•ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื™ื™ืจืชื• ื•ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ืชื• ื—ื™ื”. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื•ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™, ืœื—ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื ืคืฆืข ืคืขืžื™ื™ื. ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1922 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.  ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื•ืฉื”ื• ืื– ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืžืชืคืจื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ (ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžืจ) ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ื’ื ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•. ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื ืกืข ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืคื™ืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืจืง ื‘-1952 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ" ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื—ืจื˜ ืื ื•ืฉ", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืช; ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื: "ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื" ืœืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ, "ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื ืื“ื•ื˜" ืœืคืจื ืฅ ื•ื•ืจืคืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื”, ื ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืจ-ืื•ืคืจื”. ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ, ื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืงื ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ืงื™ืคื•ืช ืงื•ืจื ืช ื•ืžืื™ืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื•. ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืžื™ืขื˜ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื’ืจ ืฉื›ืคื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ืกื“ ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื™ื•ืชื•. ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืœืงื•ืฉ" (1972). ืžืื™ืจ ืžื•ื”ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื›"ื—, 30 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967.
[ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื›ื“ื•, ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ]
[ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจืกืœ, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื]

ืกืคืจื™ื•:

  • ืืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืช / ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ืžืืช ื ืจืžืŸ ; ืขื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืืช ืž. ืžื•ื”ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, [ืชืจืค?])
  • ืฆืคื•ืจ ืคืœืื™ื : ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, [ืชืจืค"ื”?])
  • ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉ"ื™)
  • ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื—ื’ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช : ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื›ืชื•ืช ื‘-ื’, ื“, ื”-ื• (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื™"ื“) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืขื–ืจื•ื ื™>
  • ื”ืจืฆืœ : ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื : ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืงืจื™ืื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืกื“ื”, ืชืฉื˜"ื•) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืขื–ืจื•ื ื™>
  • ื‘ื—ืจื˜ ืื ื•ืฉ : ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉื™"ื˜)
  • ืžืœืงื•ืฉ : ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ, ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ 1972)

ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ / ืกื˜ืคืืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื’ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืขื•ืคืจ, [ืชืจืฆ"-])
  • ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก : ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก / ืืกืคื ื' ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ; ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืž' ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืชืฉ"ื”)
  • ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื” : ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืœ ื•ืžื—ืจ / ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืžืจื›ื•ื–ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉ"ื”) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื˜"ื–>
  • ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื ืื“ื˜ : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ืคืจืื ืฅ ื•ืจืคืœ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉ"ื•)
  • ืฆืžืื•ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื–ื” / ืžืืช ื‘ืจื˜ื” ืœืก (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื“ืคื•ืก ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, 1947)
  • ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ืืŸ / ืžืืช ืชื•ืžืืก ืžืืŸ (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืกืคืจื•ืŸ - ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ื–) <ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื‘ืชืฉืœ"ื– 1977>
  • ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช / ืžืจื™ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉ"ื–) <ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืชืจืฆื”>
  • ืขื ื ืกื•ืš ืชืจื“ืžื” : ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื / ืื•ืกืงืจ ื‘ืื•ื (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉ"ื˜)
  • ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ : ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ / ืž"ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉื™"ื’ 1952)
  • ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื : ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช / ืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืฉื™"ื“) <ื ื“ืคืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื‘ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 1989>
  • ืคืกืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื / ืงืจื•ืœ ืฉื•ืืจืฅ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื : ืžืคืขืœื™ ืืžื ื•ืช, 1954) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื"ื“ ืฉืคื™ืจ>
  • ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื• ื“ื”-ื’ื•ื™ื” : ืจื•ืžืŸ / ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืจ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ' ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืฉื˜"ื• 1955) <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘' ื ื— [=ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™]>
  • ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื” : ืชืงื•ืคืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืœ ื•ืžื—ืจ / ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืžืจื›ื•ื–ื” (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืฉื˜"ื–)
  • ืคืขืžื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ : ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆืœ / ืž' ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืš) (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ื ื™ื‘, ืชืฉ"ืš <ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื’ื™ื‘ (ื’ื•ืžืœืกืงื™)>
  • ืžื›ืชื‘ื™-ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ื›ืจื™ื” ; ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืคื˜ื™ืฉ-ื”ืืฉืจ : ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 'ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืœื”' / ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ืงืœืจ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ-ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ : ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื™ืœ, ืชืฉืž"ื’ 1983)
  • ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื : ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช / ืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ : ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 1989)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•:

ืขืœ "ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ" ืขืœ "ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื" ืœืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ
  • ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ื”. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ : ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื" ืœืชื•ืžืก ืžืืŸ. ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ืจืš ื™โ€ื˜-ื›โ€™ (ืชืฉืœ"ื”), ืขืž' 158ึพ165 <ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช : ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช (ื—ื™ืคื” : ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืชืฉืœ"ื” 1975), ืขืž' 125>
ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื:

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ

 

 

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

 

ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•

 

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

 

 

ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ืฃ