uPapa
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uPapa ungumbhishobhi waseRoma futhi uyinhloko yeSonto lamaKatolika emhlabeni wonke. Waziwa nangokuthi unguPontifi oPhakemeyo, uPontifi waseRoma, noma uPontifi osebuKhosini. Kusukela ikhulu le-8 kuze kube i-1870, upapa wayengumbusi noma inhloko yombuso weZizwe zikaPapa, futhi kusukela ngo-1929 woMuzi waseVatikani State eyayincane kakhulu. Ngokombono wamaKatolika, ubuhambaphambili bombhishobhi waseRoma buvela kakhulu endimeni yakhe njengomlandeli wabaphostoli uNgcwele Petru, owabekwa ebuphambilini nguJesu Kristu (inkosi nomsindisi), owanikeza uPetru izihluthulelo zezulu namandla "okuhlanganisa nokukhulula", embiza ngokuthi "idwala" lapho iSonto elalizokwakhiwa phezu kwalo. uPapa wamanje nguLeo XIV, owakhethwa ngomhla 8 kaNhlaba 2025 ngosuku lwesibili lwoMkhandlu kaPapa ka-2025.
Nakuba isikhundla sakhe sibizwa ngokuthi ubupapa, igunya lwehhovisi lesonto athola amandla kulo libizwa ngokuthi i-Sancta Sedes (ngesiNgisi Holy See). Leligama alihumusheki kalula ngoba ngesiLatini, igama lithi sedes, lichaza isihlalo (ngoba amabhishobu weSonto lamaKatolika laseRoma likholwa ukuthi imilawu esemthethweni yamabhishobhu ikhishwa esihlalweni, kakhulu leso ahlala kuso uma egcotshelwa ubupapa), ngakho ke ngesiZulu singathi "isiHlalo esiNgcwele". Kodwa liphinde liqhathaniswe nendawo noma isifunda lapho umBhishobhi othile anegunya lokulusa abakholwa nokuhlela ezokubusa zesonto kulo. Ngokomthetho wezizwe isiHlalo esiNgcwele siyinto enegunya lokuzimela (njengezizwe zonke) futhi ihleli eMzini waseVatikani (isizwe esiqukatha izakhiwo zesonto enkabini yomuzi waseRoma eTaliya). Yasungulwa ngeSivumelwano saseLateran ngo-1929 phakathi kwoMbuso waseTaliya (owawungaphansi kweNdunankulu uBenito Mussollini) nesiHlalo esiNgcwele ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwayo kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo.
Ngokwesiko lamaKatolika, isihlalo sabaphostoli saseRoma sasungulwa nguNgcwele Petro noNgcwele Pawuli ngekhulu lokuqala. Ubupapa bungesinye sezikhungo ezihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu emhlabeni futhi bekulokhu bunethonya emlandweni wabantu. Ezikhathini zasendulo, abopapa basiza ekusakazeni ubuKristu futhi bangenela ukuze bathole izixazululo ezingxabanweni ezihlukahlukene zezimfundiso zenkolo. eNkathini Ephakathi, badlala indima ebalulekile ngaphandle kwezenkolo eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngokuvamile ukufeza indima yokulamula izinxabano ngaphakathi kwamakhosi angamaKristu. Ngaphezu kokwanda kokholo nemfundiso yobuKristu, opapa banamuhla bahileleke ekuhlanganyeleni kwamasonto nasekuhlanganiseni izinkolo, umsebenzi wenhlalanhle, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo abantu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubupapa bakhula ngethonya elikhulu lezwe nasezombusazwe, ekugcineni buqhudelana nalawo wababusi bamazwe Emakhulwini eminyaka ekungasikudala endlule, igunya ngokwezasemhlabeni lobupapa liye lancipha lokho kuholele ekutheni lesi sikhundla sigxile kakhulu ezindabeni zenkolo. Izibiko zegunya phezu kwezenkolo ziye zadlondlobala ngokuqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-1870 ngokumenyezelwa kwemfundiso yokungabinephutha kukapapa ngezikhathi ezingavamile lapho upapa ekhuluma ex cathedra - isigwebo sesiLatini esichaza 'kusuka esihlalweni [sika Ngcwele Petro]' - ukukhipha incazelo esemthethweni mayelana inkolo noma ukuziphatha. uPapa ubhekwa njengomunye wabantu abanamandla kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yethonya elikhulu lezobudlelwanebezizwe, amasiko, kanye nezomoya elisuka esikhundleni sakhe phezu kwamaKatolika ayizigidigidi ezi-1.4 kanye nakulabo abangekho enkolweni yamaKatolika, nangenxa yokuthi uhola umhlinzeki omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni ongekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni wezemfundo nezokulapha, ngobumbano omkhulu wezinhlangano zenhlalanhle.
