Kremlin

iKremlin (ngokomthetho: iKremlin yaseMoskva) iyinqaba enezigodlo kanye nezinhlokosonto ngaphakathi kwamabonda ayo azungezwe yibonda linye elinemibhoshongo esiqongweni seRashiya: iMoskva. iKremlin isenkabeni endala yaseMoskva. Ngaphakathi kweKremlin kunesiGoldlo esiKhulu seKremlin, emandula yayiyenye yezindawo zokuhlala zeTsar, umbusi wamaRashiya, kodwa namuhla uyindawo yokusebenza nokuhlala esemthethweni kaMengameli waseRashiya. Izungezwe uMfula Moskva ngaseningizimu, iSkwele esiBomvu ngasempumalanga, kanye neNsimi ka-Alexander ngasentshonalanga.

Igama

Igama lisuka olwimini lwesiRashiya obizweni “kreml” elichaza “inqaba esedolobheni” futhi kukhona amadolobha aseRashiya amaningi anezinqaba ezibizwa ngamaKremlin. Ngokuba iKremlin yaseMoskva iyinhlobo yekremlin edumile ngaphesheya, kujwayelekile ukuthi uma umuntu ekhuluma ngeKremlin ngaphandle kokucacisa kabanzi, usuke ekhuluma ngekremlin yaseMoskva. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni waseRashiya uhleli khona, ibizo likaKremlin lisuke limele uhulumeni noma umengameli waseRashiya. Kumaphephandaba, umbhali angathi, “iKremlin inqume okuthize”. Kusuke kwaziwa ukuthi umbhali ukhuluma ngoMengameli noma uhulumeni waseRashiya jikelele.

Umlando

Kusukela ikhulu lweminyaka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaJesu (BCE), isizinda lapho kukho iKremlin kuso, kwakuhlala amaMerya (isiRashiya: меряне). Kusukela ikhulu leshumi nanye emuva kokuzalwa kukaJesu (CE), amaSlav wayesehlala kulendawo. Isizwe samaVyatichi sakhe isakhiwo esisanqaba esibizwa “grad” ngesiRashiya egqumeni umfula Neglinnaya ugeleza emfuleni Moskva. iNkosana uYuri Dolgorukiy wandise ubungakho balesakhiwo ngowe-1156. AmaMongol aqothule lesakhiwo ngowe-1237. Kufika ekhulwini leshumi nane lenqaba yayibuzwa iGrad yaseMoskva. Ekuqalweni kwekhulu leshumi nane, kwakuqalwa ukusebenziswa igama likaKremlin. Ubufakazi bokuqala obuqinile bubuya ngowe-1331 (kodwa usomsukagama uMax Vasmer usola ukuba leligama libuya ngowe-1320). Ngo-1339, u-Ivan I Kalita wakhe lesakhiwo kabusha. Ibonda lalakhiwe ngamapali wemithi we-oak.

uDmitri Donskoi ususe lolukhahlamba lwezigodo zemithi, wafaka ibonda lelitshe le-limestone ngowe-1366 kufika ku-1368. Lenqaba ikwazile ukuma mhla ihlaselwa nguKhan Tokhtamysh. Indodana kaDmitri, uVasily I, wakhe izigodlo kanye nezindlu zezindela ngaphakathi kweKremlin. Wakhe iNhlokosonto yesiMemezelo uyapendwa nguTheophanes umGreki, uAndrei Rublev kanye noProkhor ngo-1406. Umqeqeshi kaDmitri umBhishobhi Jikele Alexis wakhe iNdlu yeziNdela kaChudov. Isalulazi sikaDmitri uEudoxia wakhe iNdlu yeziNdela yeNkuphuko, ngowe-1397.

iNkosana eNkulu u-Ivan III uhlele lendawo kabusha. Umeme abasebenzi bezandla abakhaliphile bobuciko nokwakha baseTaliya benkathi yokuvukakabusha besiko (ngesiTaliya: Rinascimento) njengo Pietro Antonio Solari oklame amabonda amasha kanye nemibhoshongo. Amabonda eKremlin esiwabona namuhla wakhiwe kusukela 1485 ku 1495. Amasango weMbhoshongo kaSpasskaya anombhalo obungaza umsebenzi kaPietro Antonio Solari. uMarco Ruffo uklame isigodlo senkosana. Enkathini yakhe yokubusa kwakhiwe isonto lesiJeziso kanye nesigodlo samaHlangothi. Ngaphakathi kweKremlin, kwakhiwe iMbhoshongo yeNsimbi ka-Ivan oMkhulu kusukela 1505 ku 1508 – ngalesosikhathi lesakhiwo saside ukundlula zonke izakhiwo enkathini yoMbuso weNkosana yaseMoskva. Nge-1600, ubude kwandiswe ubude balembhoshongo.

Enkathini yokubusa yaka-Ivan oSabekayo, kugujwe umsele wamanzi onobubanzi bamamitha ama-30 ukuhlukanisa iKremlin nedolobha labahwebi likaKitaygorod (isiRashiya: Китай-город). Futhi kwakhiwe iNhlokosonto kaNgcwele Basil, kanye nezigodlo zamadodana akhe. Futhi, wakhe isonto lamanxusa eSonto lama-Orthodox waseBhizintini aseRashiya elibizwa iMetochion kaZiqu ziNtathu. Indlu yeziNdela kaZiqu ziNtathu yayiphethe lelisonto. Lesonto inembhoshongo kaNgcwele Sergius. Kusukela 12 kaMandulo 1610 kufika ku mhla 16 kaMfumfu 1612, amabutho asePholandi wayehleli kwiKremlin ngemphoqo enkathini ebizwa iNkathi yeziNkinga.

Amabutho wabazinikelayo wakaDmitri Pozharsky noKumza Minin baseNizhny Novgorod bakhulule iKremlin – ngalokho bandlalele uMikhail Romanov isekelo sokuba akhethwe njengeTsar entsha. Enkathini yokubusa yakhe, indodana yakhe u-Alexis, nomzukulu wakhe uFeodor, kwakhiwe iNhlokosonto kaVerkhospassky enamadomo ayishumi nane, isango kaGerbovye, isiGodlo sikaTerem, isiGodlo sikaPoteshny kanye nesigodlo soYise weSonto uNikon. Ngenkathi yoMvukelambuso waseMoskva ka-1682, uFeodor kwakufanele ebaleke – lokhu kwakunzima. Kungakho wayeselahlekelwe uthando lwalenqaba bese ngo-1703 wathutha inkantolo yakhe yonke edolobheni laseSanta Petersburg. u-Elizabeth waseRashiya ubhidlize ihholo leGolide ukwakha isiGodlo seKremlin endaweni yalo. Umklami kwakungu-Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli waseTaliya nge-1547.

Nakuba yayisetshenziselwa umkhosi wokuthwezwa umqhele, iKremlin yayingasanakekelwa. Ngo-1773, lesimo saguqulwa mhla uKatherina oMkhulu wakhe isigodlo sokuhlala sakhe kuyi futhi wayesethenjiswe umendo kuVasili Bazhenov. Lesigodlo sasiyisithabathaba ekwakufanelwe kudilizwe amasonto ambalwa kanye nenxenye nebonda leKremlin ukuvula isikhala esinele. Ngenxa yokuswela imali, ukuqala kwokwakhiwa kwesigodlo kuhlehlisiwe emuva kwokuphela kwamalungiselelo. Emuva kweminyaka embalwa, uMatvey Kazakob wayengamela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezinxenye zebonda ezidilizwe kanye namasonto amanye eNdlu yeziNdela zaseChudov. Futhi, wakhe amaHhovisi weSenate. Namuhla lamaHhovisi asetshenziswa nguMengameli waseRashiya. Ekhulwini lwe-19, amabonda apendwe mhobala olumhlophe.

Kusukela umhla 2 kaMandulo kufika ku 11 kaMfumfu 1812, amabutho aseFulansi wayehleli kwiKremlin ngemphoqo emuva kokuba iFulansi ihlasele iRashiya ngenkathi kaNapoleon. Ma uNapoleon ebaleka, uyale ukuthi iKremlin iqothulwe yonke. Inxenye yebonda adilizwe ngukuqhuma futhi amasonto ambalwa kanye nesiGodlo samaHlangothi alinyazwe ngumlilo. Ukuqhuma kuthathe izinsuku ezintathu. Imvula ilimaze izintabo zokuqhumisa ekuholele ekutheni amanye wamabhomi angaqhumi. u-Osip Bove wayeseqokwe ukungamela imisebenzi yokuvuselela iKremlin kusukela 1816 ku 1819. Izakhiwo ezinye zazihlobiswe ngendikimba eNtsha yamaGothi kodwa ezinye ezazigxekwe ngokuba zingalungelanga ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yokulimala ekuqhunyweni kukaNapoleon njengeMetochion kaZiqu ziNtathu zadilizwa.

Ma ehambela iMoskva uTsar Nicholas I wayenganelisekanga nesiGodlo esiKhulu esakhiwe nguKaterina oMkhulu. uTsar Nicholar I uyale ukuba idilizwe kanye neSonto likaNgcwele Johane uMzaphambili eyayiklanywe ngu-Alonso oMsha nge-1508. Umklami wezakhiwo uKonstantin Thon uqokwe ukuklama isiGodlo esiKhulu seKremlin ekwakufanele sindlule isiGodlo sabebuSika saseSanta Petersburg ngobukhulu nobuhle kusukela 1839 ku 1849. isiGcinazikhali saseKremlin sakhiwe kabusha nge-1851. Kufika yoMvukelambuso ka1917, iKremlin ayiguqulwanga kakhulu ngaphandle kokwakhiwe kweSakhiwo seNkumbuzo sikaTsar Alexandre kanye nokumiswa kwesiphambano endaweni lapho kwasocongwa iDuki eliKhulu uSergei Alexandrovich waseRashiya khona nge-1905 ngu-Ivan Kalyayev. Lezakhiwo zenkumbuza ezakhiwe kulesikhathi, zidilizwe ngamaBholisheviki.

Enkathini yoBumbano wamaSoviyethi, uhulumeni uthuthe eSanta Petersburg kuya eMoskva ngo-12 kaNdasa 1913. uVladimir Lenin wayefuna ukuqothula zonke izimpawu zamaTsar njengengamakhozi wogolide. Wafaka isiphandla soBumbano wamaSoviyethi. uVladimir Lenin ukhethe ukuhlala emaHhovisini weSenate. iziNdlu zeziNdela zaseChudov kanye nezekuKhuphuka zidilizwe ukwakhiwa isikolo samabuthl aseRashiya. isiGodlo esiNcane sikaNicholas kanye neNhlokosonto yoMsindisi zidiliziwe. Ngenkathi yeMpi Yomhlabawonke Yesibili, amatende apendwe ngobala olunsundu ahlonywe ukumboza izakhiwo nemibhoshongo ukuze iKremlin ifane nezindlu zaseMoskva ukuze amatilosi wezindiza zokulwa zaseJalimani adideke. Amagceke wetshe andlelwe ngomhlabathi. iKremlin yayivaliwe kubavakashi kufika 1955 kodwa kwakuthathe iminyaka embalwa ukuthi abasemazweni bavunyelwe ukuvakashe. isiGodlo soMbuso seKremlin sakhiwe ngomyalo kaNikita Khrushchev. Kwakufanelwe kudilizwe inxenye yesiGodlo esiKhulu seKremlin kanye nesiGcinazikhali saseKremlin.