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Astronome

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Vithuzi 9 ivyo vikukhwaskana na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya astronome.[lower-alpha 1]

Astronome (panji kusanda nyenyezi) ni kasandiro ka kawiro ako kakusanda vinthu vya kumwamba na vyakucitika mu caro cose ca mlengalenga. Kakugwiliskira ntchito masamu, kusanda mendero, na usungunu kulongosora kwambilira kwa vinthu ivi na umo vikukulira. Vinthu ivyo kakusanda ni vibwe, myezi, nyenyezi, maŵingu gha nyenyezi, milambagombe, malibwe gha mlengalenga, vibwe vicoko vya malibwe, na nyenyezi za mcira. Vyakucitika ivyo kakusanda ni kuphulika kwa nyenyezi zikulu, kumweka kwa nkhongono za gamma, maquasar, mablazar, mapulsar, na ungweru wa kumanyuma wa caro cose ca mlengalenga. Mwa pose, astronome yikusanda cinthu ciliconse ico cikufuma kuwaro kwa mphepo iyo yikuzunguliya caro capasi. Kasandiro ka caro cose ca mlengalenga ni cigaŵa ca astronome ico cikusanda caro cose ca mlengalenga pamoza.

Astronome ni umoza mwa tusandiro twa kawiro twa kale comene. Ŵanthu ŵa midawuko ya kale agho mbiri yawo yikalembeka ŵakalaŵiskanga kuthambo usiku mwandondomeko. Mwa iwo muli Ŵaeguputo, Ŵababuloni, Ŵagiriki, Ŵaindiya, Ŵacayina, Ŵamaya, na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa kale ŵa ku Amerika. Kale, astronome yikasazgangapo vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana nga ni kupima malo gha nyenyezi, kwendeska ngalawa mwa kulaŵiska nyenyezi, kulaŵiska kuthambo, na kupanga makalendala.

Astronome ni umoza mwa tusandiro tucoko umo ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira kasandiro aka ŵakuwovwira comene. Ici nchaunenesko comene pa kusanga na kulaŵiska vyakucitika vya kanyengo kacoko. Ŵalaŵiski ŵa nyenyezi ŵambura kusambira ŵawovwira pa vyakusanga vinandi vyakuzirwa, nga ni kusanga nyenyezi za mcira ziphya.

Muzu wa Lizgu

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Lizgu lakuti astronome likufuma ku Cigiriki ἀστρονομία, kufuma ku ἄστρον (astron, "nyenyezi") na -νομία (-nomia, kufuma ku νόμος nomos, "dango" panji "lamulo"), ndipo likung'anamula kusanda vinthu vya kumwamba.[1] Astronome yikwenera kupambanyizgika na kulongolera vyamunthazi mwa nyenyezi, ico ni cigomezgo cakuti vya umoyo wa ŵanthu vikukolerana na malo gha vinthu vya kumwamba. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikafuma pamoza kweni vikapatukana, ndipo astronome yikukhozgeka na kusanda mendero, kweni kulongolera vyamunthazi mwa nyenyezi yayi.[2]

Kagwiliskiro ka Mazgo "Astronome" na "Kusanda Mendero kwa Kuthambo"

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"Astronome" na "kusanda mendero kwa kuthambo" ghakung'anamula pafupifupi cinthu cimoza mu kagwiliskiro ka mazuŵa ghano.[3][4][5] Mu madikishonale, "astronome" ni "kusanda vinthu ivyo vili kuwaro kwa mphepo ya caro capasi na vimanyikwiro vyake vya kawiro na vya usungunu", apo "kusanda mendero kwa kuthambo" ni cigaŵa ca astronome ico cikukhwaskana na "nkhalo, vimanyikwiro vya kawiro, na ndondomeko za kwenda vya vinthu na vyakucitika vya kumwamba".[6][7] Nyengo zinyake, nga ni mu buku la kusambizgira la Frank Shu, "astronome" yikung'anamula kusanda nkhani iyi mwa kulongosora, apo "kusanda mendero kwa kuthambo" ni kusanda kwa mendero.[8] Vigaŵa vinyake, nga ni kupima malo gha nyenyezi, ni astronome pera. Vigaŵa vya kusanda vingagwiliskira ntchito mazgo agha kuyana na usange cigaŵa ico kale cikakolerana na cigaŵa ca kusanda mendero, ndipo ŵasandi ŵanandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵali na madigiri gha kusanda mendero m'malo mwa gha astronome.[4][5] Ntheura, mu kagwiliskiro ka mazuŵa ghano, mazgo ghaŵiri agha kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakusinthana.[3]

Mbiri

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Pambere pa Mbiri Yakulembeka

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Malibwe ghakulu gha ku Nabta Playa, ghakuzengeka na ŵanthu ŵa Nyengo ya Libwe Liphya, ghali ku Aswan, Egypt.[9][10]
Mbale ya kuthambo ya Nebra iyo yikasangika pa phiri la Mittenberg ku Germany, ya c. 1800–1600 pambere Khristu.[11]

Kukura kwakwamba kwa astronome kukiza cifukwa ca vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo, nga ni makalendala gha ulimi. Pambere mbiri yindalembeke, malo gha kale nga ni Stonehenge ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa kale ŵakakhumbanga kulaŵiska kuthambo.[12]:15 Ukaboni ukufuma so ku vinthu vya kale nga ni cimbale ca kuthambo ca Nebra, ico cili na vimanyikwiro ivyo vikung'anamulika nga ni zuŵa, mwezi, na nyenyezi, kusazgapo gulu la nyenyezi 7.[13][14][15] Malibwe ghakulu gha ku Nabta Playa, mu Eguputo ya Pacanya, ghakanozgeka kuyana na kuwoneka kwa nyenyezi ya Sirius mlenji, ndipo ghakovwiranga kunozga kalendala ya caka pa cigumula ca caka ciliconse ca mlonga wa Nilo.[16]

Nyengo ya Kale

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Mapu gha kuthambo gha Ŵababuloni (vyaka vya m'ma 600 pambere Khristu) ghakaŵa cilwero cakwamba ca astronome. Kapendero kake ka manambala ka 60 (mwaciyelezgero 12, 24, 60, 360) kakugwiliskirika ntchito mpaka sono pa kupenda nyengo na kupima malo gha nyenyezi.[17]

Midawuko nga ni Eguputo, Mesopotamiya, Girisi, India, na China, paŵekha kweni na kukhwaskana, yikazenga malo gha kulaŵiskira kuthambo ndipo yikapanga maghanoghano pa kawiro ka caro cose ca mlengalenga, pamoza na makalendala na vilwero vya kulaŵiskira kuthambo.[18] Kukura kwakuzirwa kwakwamba kukaŵa kwamba kwa astronome ya masamu na ya kasandiro mwa Ŵababuloni, uko kukaŵika maziko gha midawuko ya astronome mu midawuko yinyake.[19] Ŵababuloni ŵakasanga kuti kubisika kwa mwezi kukuwerezgeka mu ndondomeko ya saros ya myezi 223.[20]

Pamanyuma pa Ŵababuloni, kuluta panthazi kukulu kukacitika mu Girisi wa kale na mu caro ca Ŵagiriki. Astronome ya Ŵagiriki yikapenjanga malongosoro gha vinjeru na gha kawiro gha vyakucitika vya kumwamba.[21] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 pambere Khristu, Heracleides Ponticus wakaŵa wakwamba kusacizga kuti caro capasi cikuzunguliya ca ceneco.[22] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 pambere Khristu, Aristarchus wa ku Samos wakapima ukulu na mtunda wa mwezi na zuŵa, ndipo wakasacizga ciyelezgero ca Kanozgero ka Zuŵa umo caro capasi na vibwe vikuzunguliya zuŵa, ico sono cikuchemeka ciyelezgero ca zuŵa pakati.[23] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 pambere Khristu, Hipparchus wakapima ukulu na mtunda wa mwezi ndipo wakapanga vilwero vyakwamba vya astronome ivyo vikumanyikwa, nga ni astrolabe.[24] Wakawona so kusintha kucoko kwa malo gha mazuŵa agho usiku na msana vikuyana na agho zuŵa likufika kumpoto comene panji kumwera comene, kuyaniska na nyenyezi, ico sono tikumanya kuti cikufuma ku kuzungunyika kwa nthowa ya caro capasi.[12] Hipparchus wakapanga so mndandanda wa nyenyezi 1,020, ndipo magulu ghanandi gha nyenyezi gha cigaŵa ca kumpoto ghakufuma ku astronome ya Ŵagiriki.[25] Makina gha Antikythera (pafupifupi 150–80 pambere Khristu) ghakaŵa kompyuta yakwamba ya kale iyo yikapangika kupima malo gha zuŵa, mwezi, na vibwe pa zuŵa linyake. Vilwero vya luso lakuyana vikawonekaso yayi mpaka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300, apo vipimanyengo vya makina vya astronome vikawoneka mu Ulaya.[26]

Pamanyuma pa Nyengo ya Kale

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Pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Ŵagiriki, astronome yikalongozgeka na ciyelezgero ca caro capasi pakati, panji ndondomeko ya Ptolemy, iyo yikathyika zina la Claudius Ptolemy. Buku lake la vigaŵa 13 la astronome, ilo likuchemeka Almagest mu kung'anamulika kwake kwa Ciarabu, likaŵa buku likulu la kulaŵiskako kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000.[27]:196 Mu ndondomeko iyi, caro capasi cikaghanaghanirika kuŵa pakati pa caro cose ca mlengalenga, ndipo zuŵa, mwezi na nyenyezi vikacizunguliyanga.[28] Nangauli ndondomeko iyi pamanyuma yikazomerezgeka yayi, yikapelekanga malongosoro ghakulunjika comene gha malo gha vinthu vya kumwamba agho ghakaŵako pa nyengo iyo.[27]

Apo astronome ya Ŵagiriki yikafika mu India kwizira mu malonda na kukumana kwa midawuko, astronome ya Ŵaindiya yikanjira mu nyengo yiphya mu vyaka vyakwamba vya mumuwilo wa Khristu.[29] Midawuko ya kale ya malo agho, nga ni iyo yikalembeka mu Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa, yikapeleka maziko gha makalendala, apo viyelezgero vya astronome ya Ŵagiriki pamanyuma vikasazgika na ŵasambiri nga ni Āryabhaṭa, Varāhamihira, na Brahmagupta. Āryabhaṭa wakanozga comene nthowa za kupima kwenda kwa vibwe na kubisika kwa zuŵa na mwezi.[30][31] Mu nyengo yapakati ya pamanyuma, sukulu ya Kerala yikovwira astronome kwizira mu kulaŵiska kwakunozgeka na kupima kwakulunjika comene kwa vibwe na kubisika.[32]

Cithuzi ca Alfraganus mu Compilatio astronomica, 1493. Ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵa Cisilamu ŵakawunjika na kung'anamula mabuku gha Ŵaindiya, Ŵapersia, na Ŵagiriki, ndipo ŵakasazgirako ntchito yawo.[33]

Astronome yikakura comene mu caro ca Cisilamu ca nyengo yapakati. Malo gha kulaŵiskira kuthambo ghakazengeka kuko pakwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800.[34][35][36] Mu 964, Mlambagombe wa Andromeda, mlambagombe ukulu comene mu Gulu la Pafupi, ukalongosoreka na msandi wa nyenyezi wa Cisilamu wa ku Persia Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi mu Buku lake la Nyenyezi Zambura Kusamika.[37] Kuphulika kwa nyenyezi SN 1006, cakucitika ca nyenyezi cakuŵala comene mu vyaka 1,000 vyaumaliro, kukalaŵiskika na msandi wa nyenyezi wa Ciarabu wa ku Eguputo Ali ibn Ridwan na ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵa Ŵacayina mu 1006.[38] Msambiri wa ku Iran Al-Biruni wakawona kuti, kupambana na Ptolemy, malo ghapacanya comene gha zuŵa ghakwenda, ghambura kukhazikika.[39][40] Ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵa Ciarabu ŵakanjizga mazina ghanandi gha Ciarabu agho sono ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pa nyenyezi zinyake.[41]

Vyakusyala vya Great Zimbabwe na Timbuktu vingaŵa kuti vikaŵa na malo gha kulaŵiskira kuthambo.[42][43] Mu Afilika ya Kumanjiliro ya pamanyuma pa nyengo ya kale, ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵakasanda kwenda kwa nyenyezi na ubale wake na nyengo za caka, ndipo ŵakapanga mapu gha kuthambo na vithuzi vya nthowa za vibwe vinyake kuyana na kupima kwakusuzga kwa masamu.[44] Msandi wa mbiri wa Songhai Mahmud Kati wakalemba za kuwa kwa malibwe gha mlengalenga mu 1583.[45]

Mu Ulaya ya nyengo yapakati, Richard wa ku Wallingford (1292–1336) wakapanga cipimanyengo cakwamba ca astronome, Rectangulus iyo yikazomerezganga kupima makona pakati pa vibwe na vinthu vinyake vya kumwamba, na Albion iyo yingagwiliskirika ntchito pa kupima kwa astronome nga ni malo gha mwezi, zuŵa, na vibwe.[46][47][48] Nicole Oresme (1320–1382) wakayowoya za ukaboni wa kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi.[49][50] Jean Buridan (1300–1361) wakapanga ghanoghano la impetus, ilo likulongosora kwenda kusazgapo kwa vinthu vya kumwamba.[51]

Kwa vyaka mahandiredi ghankhondi na limoza (kufuma ku kuwelera kwa kasambiro ka kale pakumalira kwa nyengo yapakati mpaka ku Nyengo ya Ungweru wa Vinjeru), Mpingo wa Katolika wa Roma ukapeleka wovwiri wa ndalama na wa ŵanthu ku kusanda astronome kuluska mawupu ghanyake ghose. Cimoza mwa vifukwa vya Mpingo cikaŵa kusanga zuŵa la Pasika.

Copernicus

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Pa nyengo ya Kuwuka Kwaciŵiri, Nicolaus Copernicus wakasacizga ciyelezgero ca zuŵa pakati ca Kanozgero ka Zuŵa.[52] Nangauli ciyelezgero cake cikasunga nthowa za cizungulizgo, cikakwana kupima ukulu wa nthowa za vibwe na nyengo yake. Kupepuka kwakukopa kwa astronome ya Copernicus kukapangiska kuti ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵayizomerezge nanga pambere yindasimikizgike na kulaŵiska kwa Galileo na cilaŵiskiro ca kutali mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600.[12]:40

Vilaŵiskiro vya Kutali Vyakwamba

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Vithuzi vyakwamba vya mawonekero gha mwezi, kufuma mu buku la Galileo Sidereus Nuncius (1610)

Pafupifupi 1608 cilaŵiskiro ca kutali cikapangika, ndipo pofika 1610, Galileo Galilei wakalaŵiska kusintha kwa kawonekero ka cibwe ca Venasi, kwakuyana na kwa mwezi, ico cikakhozga ciyelezgero ca zuŵa pakati.[12] Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ciyelezgero ca zuŵa pakati cikanozgeka mwa manambala na Johannes Kepler.[53] Mwa kupenda vyaka 20 vya kulaŵiska kwakupwelelera kwa Tycho Brahe, Kepler wakapanga ndondomeko iyo yikulongosora kwenda kwa vibwe kuzunguliya zuŵa.[54]:4[55] Nangauli Kepler wakaleka kwenda kwa cizungulizgo kwa Copernicus na kusankha kwenda kwa mawonekero gha jandi, wakatondeka kupanga ghanoghano lakulongosora malango agho wakalemba.[12][56] Ndi Isaac Newton, na kupanga kwake kasandiro ka kwenda kwa vinthu vya kumwamba na lamulo lake la nkhongono ya kukoka, uyo pakumalira wakalongosora kwenda kwa vibwe.[57] Newton wakapanga so cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca galasi la kuwezga ungweru.[58] Newton, pamoza na Richard Bentley, wakasacizga kuti nyenyezi zikuyana na zuŵa kweni zili kutali comene.[54]

Vilaŵiskiro vya kutali viphya vikasintha so maghanoghano pa nyenyezi. Pofika 1610 Galileo wakasanga kuti mzere wa ungweru uwo ukujumpha kuthambo usiku, uwo tikuchema Milky Way, ukupangika na nyenyezi zinandi comene.[12]:48 Mu 1668 James Gregory wakayaniska kuŵala kwa Jupita na Sirius kuti wapime mtunda wake kuŵa wakujumpha AU 83,000.[54] Msandi wa nyenyezi wa Ungelezi John Flamsteed, msandi wa nyenyezi wakwamba wa ufumu wa Britain, wakalemba nyenyezi zakujumpha 3,000, kweni vyakusangika vyake vikapharazgika kwambura khumbo lake mu 1712.[59] Msandi wa nyenyezi William Herschel wakapanga mndandanda wakulongosora wa maŵingu gha nyenyezi na magulu gha nyenyezi, ndipo mu 1781 wakasanga cibwe ca Uranus, cibwe ciphya cakwamba ico cikasangika.[60] Friedrich Bessel wakapanga nthowa ya kupima mtunda wa nyenyezi mu 1838, kweni yikaŵa yakusuzga kugwiliskira ntchito mwakuti nyenyezi pafupifupi 100 pera ndizo zikapimika pofika 1900.[54]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700–1800, kusanda suzgo la vinthu vitatu na Leonhard Euler, Alexis Claude Clairaut, na Jean le Rond d'Alembert kukapangiska kulongolera kwakulunjika comene kwa kwenda kwa mwezi na vibwe. Ntchito iyi yikanozgeka so na Joseph-Louis Lagrange na Pierre Simon Laplace, ndipo ici cikazomerezga kupima kuzitika kwa vibwe na myezi kufuma ku umo vikukhwaskirana.[61]

Kuluta panthazi kukulu mu astronome kukiza na kunjizgika kwa luso liphya, kusazgapo cilwero ca kugaŵa ungweru na kujambura vithuzi vya kuthambo. Mu 1814–15, Joseph von Fraunhofer wakasanga mizere yakufipa pafupifupi 574 mu ungweru wakugaŵika wa zuŵa na wa nyenyezi zinyake.[62][63] Mu 1859, Gustav Kirchhoff wakati mizere iyi yikufuma ku kuŵapo kwa vigaŵa vyakupambana.[64]

Milambagombe

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Cithuzi ca nyenyezi, kufuma mu buku la William Herschel On the construction of the heavens.[65]

Pakumalira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, William Herschel wakapanga mapu gha kuthandazgika kwa nyenyezi mu nthowa zakupambana kufuma pa caro capasi, ndipo wakamalizga kuti caro cose ca mlengalenga cikaŵa zuŵa pafupi na pakati pa cimbale ca nyenyezi, Milky Way. Pamanyuma pakuti John Michell walongora kuti nyenyezi zikupambana pa kuŵala kwake kweneko, na pamanyuma pa kulaŵiska kwa Herschel na vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vyankhongono comene kuti nyenyezi zinyake zikawonekanga mu nthowa zose, ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵakamba kughanaghana kuti maŵingu ghanyake gha nyenyezi ghakuzunguliya ghangaŵa virwa vya caro ca mlengalenga vyakutali.[54]:6

Cithuzi ca "Bingu" likulu la Andromeda ca Isaac Roberts mu 1888.[66][67]:63

Kuŵapo kwa milambagombe, kusazgapo mlambagombe withu, Milky Way, nga ni gulu la nyenyezi, kukalongoreka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 pera.[68] Mu 1912, Henrietta Leavitt wakasanga nyenyezi za Cepheid izo kuŵala kwake kukusintha mwakunozgeka, ndipo ici cingagwiliskirika ntchito kumanya kuŵala kweneko kwa nyenyezi, ico cikuŵa cilwero cakulunjika ca kupima mtunda. Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nyenyezi izi, Harlow Shapley wakapanga mapu ghakwamba ghakulunjika gha Milky Way.[54]:7 Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito Cilaŵiskiro ca Kutali ca Hooker, Edwin Hubble wakasanga nyenyezi za Cepheid mu maŵingu ghanyake gha nyenyezi ghakuzunguliya, ndipo mu 1922–1923 wakalongora mwakusimikizgika kuti Andromeda na Triangulum, pamoza na yinyake, yikaŵa milambagombe yose kuwaro kwa withu, ndipo ici cikalongora kuti caro cose ca mlengalenga cili na milambagombe yinandi comene.[69]

Kasandiro ka Caro Cose ca Mlengalenga

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Kupharazga kwa Albert Einstein kwa general relativity mu 1917 kukamba nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano ya viyelezgero vya maghanoghano vya caro cose ca mlengalenga.[70] Mu 1922, Alexander Friedman wakapharazga viyelezgero vipepuka vya caro cose ca mlengalenga ivyo vikalongora caro cambura kusintha, cakukura, na cakucepa.[54]:13 Mu 1929 Hubble wakapharazga kulaŵiska kwakuti milambagombe yose yikutalikirana na caro capasi pa luŵiro lwakukolerana na mtunda, ubale uwo sono ukumanyikwa kuti lamulo la Hubble. Ubale uwu ukulindilirika usange caro cose ca mlengalenga cikukura.[54]:13 Cakufumapo cakuti caro cose ca mlengalenga kale cikaŵa cakukhwima comene na cakotcha comene, ghanoghano la Kuphulika Kukulu ilo Georges Lemaître wakalongosora mu 1927, cikayowoyeka kweni pakaŵavya ukaboni wa viyezgo wakucikhozga.[71] Kufuma mu ma 1940, unandi wa vyakucitika vya nyukiliya mu vyakucitika vya kukhwima kukulu ukasandika, ndipo ici cikapangiska ciyelezgero ciwemi ca kupangika kwa vigaŵa pa Kuphulika Kukulu pakumalira kwa ma 1940 na kwamba kwa ma 1950. Pamanyuma mu 1965 ungweru wa kumanyuma wa caro cose ca mlengalenga ukasangika, ndipo ukakhozga ukaboni wa Kuphulika Kukulu.[54]:16

Kasandiro ka vyakwenda vya kuthambo kakalongolera kuŵapo kwa vinthu nga ni mabowo ghakufipa na nyenyezi za nyutironi.[72][73]:89[74] Ivi vyagwiliskirika ntchito kulongosora vyakucitika nga ni maquasar na mapulsar.[75][76]

Vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vya mu mlengalenga vyazomerezga kupima mu vigaŵa vya ungweru na nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi ivyo kanandi vikukanizgika panji kufipiskika na mphepo ya caro capasi.[77] Ntchito ya LIGO yikasanga ukaboni wa majigha gha nkhongono ya kukoka mu 2015.[78][79]

Kulaŵiska Kuthambo

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Mitundu ya astronome ya kulaŵiska, kuyaniska utali wa majigha na umo ghangawonekera kufuma pa caro capasi

Astronome ya kulaŵiska yikuthemba nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi za utali wa majigha wakupambanapambana, ndipo mitundu ya astronome yikugaŵika kuyana na cigaŵa ca nkhongono izi ico kulaŵiska kukucitikira.[80]

Wayilesi

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Very Large Array mu New Mexico, cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca wayilesi

Astronome ya wayilesi yikugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono izo majigha ghake ni ghatali, comene pakati pa milimita 1 na mamita 15, kutali comene na ivyo maso ghakuwona.[81] Haidrojeni, iyo kanandi ni mphepo yambura kuwoneka, yikupanga mzere wa ungweru pa masentimita 21, uwo ungawoneka pa majigha gha wayilesi.[82] Vinthu ivyo vingawoneka pa majigha gha wayilesi ni mphepo ya pakati pa nyenyezi, mapulsar, kumweka kwa luŵiro kwa wayilesi, kuphulika kwa nyenyezi zikulu, na mitima yamoyo ya milambagombe.[82][82][82][83][84]

Ungweru wa Pasi pa Uswesi

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Cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca Subaru (ku mazere) na Keck Observatory (pakati) pa Mauna Kea, malo ghaŵiri gha kulaŵiskira agho ghakugwira ntchito na ungweru wa infrared na ungweru wakuwoneka. NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (ku maryero) ni ciyelezgero ca cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ico cikugwira ntchito na ungweru wa infrared pera.

Astronome ya ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi yikusanga nkhongono izo majigha ghake ngatali kuluska ungweru wakuswesa wakuwoneka, kuwaro kwa ivyo maso ghithu ghangawona. Ungweru uwu ngwakovwira pa kusanda vinthu ivyo vili vyakuzizima comene kuti vifumiske ungweru wakuwoneka, nga ni vibwe, vimbale vya kuzunguliya nyenyezi, panji maŵingu gha nyenyezi agho ungweru wake ukukanizgika na fuvu. Majigha ghatali gha ungweru uwu ghangajumpha maŵingu gha fuvu agho ghakukanizga ungweru wakuwoneka, ndipo ici cikuzomerezga kulaŵiska nyenyezi ziphya izo zili mu maŵingu gha mamolekyu na mitima ya milambagombe. Kulaŵiska kwa WISE kwavumbula comene nyenyezi zinandi izo zikupangika na magulu gha nyenyezi umo zili.[85][86]

Kupatula majigha agho ghali pafupi na ungweru wakuwoneka, ungweru uwu ukukorekeka comene na mphepo ya caro capasi, panji ukubisika, cifukwa mphepo nayo yikufumiska ungweru unandi wa mtundu uwu. Ntheura, malo gha kulaŵiskira ungweru uwu ghakwenera kuŵa pacanya na malo ghakomira pa caro capasi panji mu mlengalenga.[87] Mamolekyu ghanyake ghakufumiska comene ungweru uwu. Ici cikuzomerezga kusanda usungunu wa mu mlengalenga.[88]

Cilaŵiskiro ca Kutali ca Mlengalenga ca James Webb cikusanga ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi kuti cisange milambagombe yakutali comene. Ungweru wakuwoneka wa milambagombe iyi ukafuma vyaka mabiliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo kukura kwa caro cose ca mlengalenga kukasintha ungweru kuŵa wa pasi pa uswesi. Mwa kusanda milambagombe yakutali iyi, ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵakugomezga kumanya umo milambagombe yakwamba yikapangikira.[89]

Ungweru Wakuwoneka

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Mu mbiri, astronome ya ungweru wakuwoneka ndiyo mtundu wa kale comene wa astronome.[90] Vithuzi vya kulaŵiska kale vikajambulikanga na woko. Pakumalira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na mu vyaka vinandi vya m'ma 1900, vithuzi vikapangikanga na vilwero vya kujambura vithuzi. Vithuzi vya mazuŵa ghano vikupangika na vilwero vya digito, comene maCCD, ndipo vikusungika mu vilwero vya mazuŵa ghano. Nangauli ungweru wakuwoneka ukufuma pafupifupi nanomita 380 mpaka 700, vilwero vyenevivyo vingagwiliskirika ntchito kulaŵiska ungweru unyake wa pacanya pa uswesi na wa pasi pa uswesi uwo uli pafupi.[91][92]

Ungweru wa Pacanya pa Uswesi

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Astronome ya ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi yikugwiliskira ntchito majigha agho ghakukorekeka na mphepo ya caro capasi, ntheura kulaŵiska kukwenera kucitika pacanya mu mphepo panji mu mlengalenga. Astronome iyi njiwemi comene pa kusanda ungweru wa kufunda na mizere ya ungweru kufuma ku nyenyezi zakotcha za buluu, izo zikuŵala comene pa majigha agha.[93]

X-ray

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Mzere wa X-ray uwo ukufuma ku dolozi likulu comene la cisi (black hole) ilo Chandra X-ray Observatory ya NASA yikasanga, ukuwoneka cifukwa ca ungweru wa caro cose ca mlengalenga ca kale.

Astronome ya X-ray yikugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono za X-ray, izo zikupangika na ndondomeko zakotcha comene na za nkhongono zikulu. Cifukwa X-ray zikukorekeka na mphepo ya caro capasi, kulaŵiska kukwenera kucitika pacanya comene, nga ni kufuma ku mabaluni, maloketi, panji masatellite ghapadera. Vinthu ivyo vikufumiska X-ray ni nyenyezi ziŵiri izo zikuzunguliyana, vyakusyala vya kuphulika kwa nyenyezi zikulu, magulu gha milambagombe, na mitima yamoyo ya milambagombe.[94] Cifukwa pacanya pa zuŵa pakuzizima pacoko, vithuzi vya X-ray vya zuŵa na nyenyezi zinyake vikupeleka mauthenga ghakuzirwa pa cigaŵa cakotcha ca kuwaro kwa zuŵa.[95]

Gamma

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Astronome ya gamma yikulaŵiska vinthu vya kumwamba pa majigha ghafupi comene (nkhongono zikulu comene) gha nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi.[96] Nkhongono za gamma zingalaŵiskika mwakulunjika na masatellite nga ni Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, panji na vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vyapadera ivyo vikuchemeka vilaŵiskiro vya Cherenkov.[97][98] Vilaŵiskiro ivi vikusanga nkhongono za gamma mwakulunjika yayi, kweni vikusanga kumweka kwa ungweru wakuwoneka uko kukupangika apo nkhongono za gamma zikukorekeka na mphepo ya caro capasi.[99][100]

Astronome ya gamma yikupeleka mauthenga pa kwambilira kwa nkhongono za kuthambo, vyakucitika ivyo vingaŵa vya kumalirana kwa vyamvimba vyakufipa, tuvinthu twa luŵiro comene utu tukufuma ku mitima yamoyo ya milambagombe, na, mwa kugwiliskira ntchito mitima iyi nga ni vyakufumira vyakutali, vimanyikwiro vya mlengalenga wa pakati pa milambagombe.

Kumweka kwa nkhongono za gamma, uko kukucitika kwa kanyengo kacoko, ni vyakucitika vya nkhongono zikulu comene, ndipo ndivyo vyakuŵala comene mu caro cose ca mlengalenga.

Kulaŵiska Kwambura Nkhongono za Ntchito za Umagineti-Magesi

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Cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca maneutrino ca ANTARES ico cili pasi pa maji

Vyakucitika vinyake ivyo vikufuma kutali comene vingalaŵiskika kufuma pa caro capasi na vilwero ivyo vikuthemba nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi yayi.[101][79]

Mu astronome ya maneutrino, ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo gha pasi pa nthaka ghakuvikilirika comene nga ni SAGE, GALLEX, na Kamioka II/III kusanga maneutrino. Maneutrino ghanandi comene agho ghakujumpha mu caro capasi ghakufuma ku zuŵa, kweni maneutrino 24 ghakasangika so kufuma ku kuphulika kwa nyenyezi kwa 1987A. Nkhongono za kuthambo, izo zili na tuvinthu twa nkhongono zikulu comene (mitima ya maatomu) utu tungamalira panji kukorekeka apo tukunjira mu mphepo ya caro capasi, zikupangiska tuvinthu tunandi twaciŵiri utu tungasangika na malo gha kulaŵiskira gha mazuŵa ghano.[101]

Astronome ya majigha gha nkhongono ya kukoka yikugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya kusanga majigha agha kuti yiwunjike mauthenga pa vinthu vikulu vyakutali. Malo ghacoko gha kulaŵiskira ghazengeka, nga ni LIGO. LIGO yikasanga kakwamba pa 14 Lupya 2015, ndipo yikalaŵiska majigha gha nkhongono ya kukoka kufuma ku mabowo ghaŵiri ghakufipa.[79][102] Jigha laciŵiri likasangika pa 26 Zimya 2015, ndipo kulaŵiska kunyake kukwenera kulutilira, kweni majigha agha ghakukhumba vilwero vyakupulika comene.[103][104]

Kusazga kulaŵiska uko kukucitika na nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi, maneutrino panji majigha gha nkhongono ya kukoka na mauthenga ghanyake ghakovwira kukuchemeka astronome ya vyakutumika vinandi.[105][106]

Kupima Malo gha Nyenyezi na Kwenda kwa Vinthu vya Kumwamba

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Kugwiliskira ntchito kusazgana kwa majigha gha ungweru kuti malo gha nyenyezi ghamanyikwe makora comene

Cimoza mwa vigaŵa vya kale comene vya astronome, na vya kasandiro kose, ni kupima malo gha vinthu vya kumwamba, ico cikuchemeka astrometry.[107] Mu mbiri, kumanya makola malo gha zuŵa, mwezi, vibwe na nyenyezi kukaŵa kwakuzirwa pa kwendeska ngalawa mwa kulaŵiska kuthambo na pa kupanga makalendala.[108] Kupima kwakupwelelera kwa malo gha vibwe kwapangiska kumanya makola kukhwaskana kwa nkhongono ya kukoka, na kumanya malo gha kale na gha munthazi gha vibwe mwakulunjika comene, cigaŵa ico cikuchemeka kasandiro ka kwenda kwa vinthu vya kumwamba.[109] Kupima mtunda wa nyenyezi za pafupi kukupeleka maziko gha makwelero gha kupima mtunda wa caro cose ca mlengalenga, agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito kupima ukulu wa caro cose ca mlengalenga. Kupima uku kukupeleka maziko gha vimanyikwiro vya nyenyezi zakutali comene, cifukwa vimanyikwiro vyawo vingayaniskika.[110] Kupima luŵiro na kwenda kwa nyenyezi kukuzomerezga ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi kulongora kwenda kwa ndondomeko izi mu mlambagombe wa Milky Way.[111][112][113]

Vigaŵa Kuyana na Ukulu

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Kasandiro ka Caro Cose ca Mlengalenga

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Hubble Extreme Deep Field

Kasandiro ka caro cose ca mlengalenga, ako kakusanda kazengero kakulu ka caro cose ca mlengalenga, kakukhumba kupulikiska kupangika na kukura kwa caro cose ca mlengalenga. Cakuzirwa comene ku kasandiro aka ka mazuŵa ghano ni ghanoghano lakuzomerezgeka la Kuphulika Kukulu (Big Bang), ilo likuti caro cose ca mlengalenga cikamba ciŵe cakukhwima comene na cakotcha comene, pamanyuma cikakura mu vyaka biliyoni 13.8 kufika apo cili sono.[114][115] Ghanoghano la Kuphulika Kukulu likazomerezgeka comene pamanyuma pa kusangika kwa ungweru wa kumanyuma wa caro cose ca mlengalenga mu 1965.[115] Vyamvimba vyakufipa na nkhongono zakufipa sono vikughanaghanirika kuŵa magaŵa 96 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa caro cose ca mlengalenga. Pa cifukwa ici, ntchito yinandi yikucitika kuyezga kumanya vigaŵa ivi.[116]

Kuwaro kwa Mlambagombe Withu

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Vinthu vya camlengalenga vya mawonekero gha cizingo ni vithuzi vinandi vya mlambagombe umoza, ivyo vyawerezgeka cifukwa ca kuguza kwa nkhongono za kuguza. Kuguza kwa gulu la milambagombe kukupindiska ungweru, ndipo kukukuzga na kunanga cithuzi ca cinthu ico cili kutali comene.

Kusanda vinthu kuwaro kwa mlambagombe withu kukukhwaskana na kupangika na kukura kwa milambagombe, mawonekero na kagaŵiro kake, kulaŵiska milambagombe yamoyo, na pa ukulu ukulu, magulu gha milambagombe. Ivi vikovwira kupulikiska kazengero kakulu ka caro cose ca mlengalenga.[108]

Mlambagombe

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Astronome ya milambagombe yikusanda milambagombe kusazgapo Milky Way, mlambagombe wakuzunguliya uwo uli mu Gulu la Pafupi la milambagombe ndipo uli na Kanozgero ka Zuŵa. Ni kawunjikiro kakuzunguliya ka mphepo, fuvu, nyenyezi na vinthu vinyake, ivyo vikukoleranga pamoza na nkhongono ya kukoka. Cifukwa caro capasi cili mu mikono ya kuwaro iyo yili na fuvu, vigaŵa vikulu vya Milky Way vikubisika.[108](pp837–842, 944)

Kusanda kwenda kwa vyamvimba mu Milky Way na milambagombe yinyake kukulongora kuti pali kuzitika kukulu kuluska ivyo vyamvimba vyakuwoneka vingalongosora. Cizungulizgo ca vyamvimba vyakufipa cikuwoneka kuŵa ndico cili na kuzitika kukulu, nangauli kawiro ka vyamvimba vyakufipa ivi kakumanyikwa yayi.[117]

Nyenyezi

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Kusanda nyenyezi na kukura kwake nkhwakuzirwa comene ku kupulikiska kwithu caro cose ca mlengalenga. Kusanda mendero kwa nyenyezi kwamanyikwa kwizira mu kulaŵiska na maghanoghano, na kufuma ku viyelezgero vya makompyuta vya mukati mwa nyenyezi.[118] Ivyo vikusandika ni kupangika kwa nyenyezi mu maŵingu ghakulu gha mamolekyu; kupangika kwa nyenyezi ziphya; na kusintha kuya ku kukolerana kwa nyukiliya na nyenyezi za ndondomeko yikulu, izo zikupanga vigaŵa.[119][118] Ndondomeko zinyake izo zikusandika ni kukura kwa nyenyezi, uko kukumalira na kuphulika kwa nyenyezi yikulu panji nyenyezi yicoko yakutuŵa.[120][121] Kufumiska kwa vigaŵa vya kuwaro kukupanga bingu la nyenyezi la mtundu wa cibwe.[122] Ivyo vikusyala pa kuphulika kwa nyenyezi yikulu ni nyenyezi ya nyutironi yakukhwima, panji, usange kuzitika kwa nyenyezi kukaŵa katatu kwa zuŵa panji kujumpha, bowo lakufipa.[123]

Zuŵa

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Cithuzi ca ungweru wa ultraviolet ca pacanya pa zuŵa apo pali vyakucitika vinandi, nga umo cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca TRACE ca NASA cikawonera.

Astronome ya zuŵa ni kusanda zuŵa, nyenyezi yicoko ya ndondomeko yikulu ya mtundu wa G2 V, iyo yili na vyaka pafupifupi biliyoni 4.6. Ndondomeko izo kasandiro aka kakusanda ni ndondomeko ya mawanga gha zuŵa, kusintha kwa kuŵala kwa zuŵa, kwa nyengo zose na kwa nyengo zinyake, na nkhalo ya vigaŵa vyakupambana vya zuŵa, ndiko kuti mtima wake na kukolerana kwa nyukiliya, cigaŵa ca kufumiska nkhongono, cigaŵa ca kwenda kwa kufunda, cigaŵa ca pacanya ca ungweru, cigaŵa ca mitundu, na cigaŵa ca kuwaro comene.[124][125][126][108](pp498–502)

Kasandiro ka Vibwe

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Kadontho kakufipa pacanya ni kavuluvulu ka cuvu ako kakukwera ciliŵa ca dolozi pa Mars. Kavuluvulu aka ka mpweya wa Mars, ako kakwenda na kuzunguliya (kakuyana na cimphepo ca pa caro capasi), kakapanga mzere utali wakufipa.

Kasandiro ka vibwe ni kusanda vibwe, myezi, vibwe vicoko, nyenyezi za mcira, vibwe vicoko vya malibwe, na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuzunguliya zuŵa, kweniso vibwe ivyo vikuzunguliya nyenyezi zakutali. Kanozgero ka Zuŵa kasandika makola, pakwamba na vilaŵiskiro vya kutali ndipo pamanyuma na vyombo vya mlengalenga.[127][128]

Ndondomeko izo zikusandika ni kugaŵika kwa vigaŵa vya cibwe; kupangika kwa nkhongono ya umagineti ya cibwe na ivyo yikucita; na kupangika kwa kufunda mukati mwa cibwe, nga ni kufuma ku kutimbana, kunangika kwa vinthu vya mtima wa vimenyu, na kukoka kwa myezi.[129] Kufunda uku nako kungiziska ndondomeko za pasi nga ni mapiri gha moto, kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi, na kukokoloka kwa pacanya, ivyo vikusandika na vigaŵa vya kasandiro ka pasi.[130]

Vigaŵa Vyakukolerana na Tusandiro Tunyake

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Usungunu wa Mlengalenga

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Usungunu wa mlengalenga ni kukolerana kwa astronome na usungunu. Ukusanda unandi na kukolerana kwa mamolekyu mu caro cose ca mlengalenga, na kukwekana kwawo na nkhongono za ungweru. Lizgu ili lingagwiliskirika ntchito pa Kanozgero ka Zuŵa na pa mlengalenga wa pakati pa nyenyezi. Kusanda mu cigaŵa ici kukovwira mwaciyelezgero kumanya umo Kanozgero ka Zuŵa kakapangikira.[131]

Kasandiro ka Vyamoyo mu Mlengalenga

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Kasandiro ka vyamoyo mu mlengalenga kakusanda kwambilira kwa umoyo na kukura kwake kuwaro kwa caro capasi.[132] Kakupenda usange umoyo ulipo kunyake, na umo ŵanthu ŵangawusangira usange ulipo.[133] Kakugwiliskira ntchito astronome, usungunu wa vyamoyo, kasandiro ka pasi, kasandiro ka tuvinyama tucoko comene, kusanda mendero, na kasandiro ka vibwe kuti kapende usange umoyo ungaŵako pa vibwe vinyake, na kovwira kumanya malo gha vyamoyo agho ghangaŵa ghakupambana na gha caro capasi.[134] Kwambilira na kukura kwakwamba kwa umoyo ni cigaŵa cambura kupatukana ca kasandiro aka.[135] Ici cikusazgapo kusanda kwambilira kwa ndondomeko za vibwe, kwambilira kwa vinthu vya vyamoyo mu mlengalenga, kukolerana kwa malibwe, maji na kaboni, kwambilira kwa umoyo pa caro capasi, kukhalika kwa vibwe, kusanda vimanyikwiro vya umoyo, na kusanda umo umoyo ungakolerana na masuzgo pa caro capasi na mu mlengalenga.[136][137][138]

Vinyake

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Astronome na kusanda mendero kwa kuthambo vyapanga ubale na vigaŵa vinyake vikulu vya kasandiro. Astronome ya kale ni kusanda astronome za kale panji za midawuko mu midawuko yawo, mwa kugwiliskira ntchito ukaboni wa vinthu vya kale na wa kasandiro ka ŵanthu.

Viŵerengero vya astronome ni kugwiliskira ntchito viŵerengero pa kupenda unandi ukulu wa mauthenga gha kulaŵiska kuthambo.

Pakumalira, nga ni "astronome ya milandu", nthowa za astronome zagwiliskirika ntchito kumazga masuzgo gha mbiri ya luso la kujambula na nyengo zinyake gha dango.

Ŵalaŵiski Ŵambura Kusambira

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Ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵambura kulipirika ŵangapanga vilwero vyawo, ndipo ŵangawungana pamoza kulaŵiska nyenyezi, nga ni ku Stellafane.

Astronome ni umoza mwa tusandiro umo ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira ŵangawovwira comene.[139] Pamoza, ŵalaŵiski ŵa nyenyezi ŵambura kusambira ŵakulaŵiska vinthu na vyakucitika vya kumwamba, nyengo zinyake na vilwero vya ŵakugula panji vilwero ivyo ŵapanga ŵekha. Ivyo ŵakulaŵiska comene ni zuŵa, mwezi, vibwe, nyenyezi, nyenyezi za mcira, kuwa kwa malibwe gha mlengalenga, na vinthu vya kutali comene nga ni magulu gha nyenyezi, milambagombe, na maŵingu gha nyenyezi.[140][141][142] Makilabu gha astronome pa caro cose ghali na ndondomeko za kovwira ŵanthu ŵawo kunozga na kwendeska ndondomeko za kulaŵiska, nga ni kulaŵiska vinthu vyose mu mindandanda ya Messier (vinthu 110) panji Herschel 400.[143][144]

Ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito pa majigha gha ungweru wakuwoneka, kweni ŵanyake ŵayezga majigha ghanyake. Mwambi wa astronome ya wayilesi ya ŵambura kusambira, Karl Jansky, wakasanga kufumira kwa wayilesi pakati pa Milky Way.

Ŵalaŵiski ŵanyake ŵambura kusambira ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vilaŵiskiro vya kutali ivyo ŵapanga ŵekha panji vilaŵiskiro vya wayilesi ivyo pakwamba vikazengeka pa kusanda astronome.

Ŵambura kusambira ŵangapima kubisa kwa nyenyezi kuti ŵanozge nthowa za vibwe vicoko. Ŵangasanga nyenyezi za mcira, na kulaŵiska nyengo zose nyenyezi izo kuŵala kwake kukusintha. Kuluta panthazi kwa luso la digito kwazomerezga ŵambura kusambira kuluta panthazi pa kujambura vithuzi vya kuthambo.[145][146][147]

Mafumbo Ghambura Kuzgoleka

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Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, pacali mafumbo ghakuzirwa ghambura kuzgoleka mu astronome. Ghanyake ngakulu nga ni caro cose ca mlengalenga: mwaciyelezgero, kasi vyamvimba vyakufipa na nkhongono zakufipa izo zikulongozga kukura na umaliro wa caro cose ca mlengalenga ni vici?[148] Kasi umaliro wa caro cose ca mlengalenga uzamuŵa wuli?[149] Cifukwa wuli unandi wa lithium mu caro cose ca mlengalenga ngucoko kanayi kuluska ivyo ciyelezgero ca Kuphulika Kukulu cikulongolera?[150] Ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na vyakucitika vyapadera. Mwaciyelezgero, kasi Kanozgero ka Zuŵa nkhambura kupambana panji nkhapadera?[151] Kasi kagaŵiro ka kuzitika kwa nyenyezi kakufuma nkhu, ndiko kuti cifukwa wuli ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵakuwona kagaŵiro kakuyana ka kuzitika kwa nyenyezi kwambura kulaŵiska vyakucitika vyakwamba?[152] Nga ni nthena, pacali mafumbo pa kupangika kwa milambagombe yakwamba, kwambilira kwa mabowo ghakufipa ghakulu comene, kufumira kwa nkhongono za kuthambo za nkhongono zikulu comene, na usange pali umoyo unyake mu caro cose ca mlengalenga, comene umoyo unyake wa vinjeru.[153][154][155][156][157]

Vyakulongosora

[lembaso | kulemba source]
  1. ↑ Apa pali vithuzi ivyo vili mu cithuzi ici na cigaŵa ca astronome ico cilicose cikulongora, kufuma ku mazere kuya ku maryero: ; Kasandiro ka vibwe : Titan wakujumpha panthazi pa Saturn, cithuzi ca mitundu ya kawiro kufuma ku ndege ya mlengalenga ya Cassini, cakulongora kusintha kwa mpweya mu nyengo na cithulo ca vizingo vya Saturn. ; Astronome ya nyenyezi : nyenyezi BD−08 1203 yakujambulika na cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca Euclid. ; Kasandiro ka zuŵa : cithuzi ca kufipa kwakukwana kwa zuŵa mu 1999 ku France, cakulongora ungweru wa kuzingilizga zuŵa. ; Astronome ya kulaŵiska na ya mlambagombe : VLT pa Paranal Observatory yikuponya ungweru wa laser mu mpweya kuti yilaŵiske makora pakati pa mlambagombe withu. ; Kasandiro ka nkhongono za mlengalenga : cithuzi cakwamba ca dolozi likulu la cisi la M87* kufuma ku Event Horizon Telescope. ; Astronome ya kuwaro kwa mlambagombe withu : milambagombe yiŵiri ya UGC 9618 iyo yikukwekana, yakujambulika na Hubble Space Telescope. ; Kasandiro ka caro cose ca mlengalenga na kupenda na kompyuta : cithuzi kufuma ku ntchito ya CLUES, cakulongora umo milambagombe yikukolerana mu caro cose ca mlengalenga. ; Kasandiro ka vyakusazganika vya mlengalenga : maŵingu gha Rho Ophiuchi ghakujambulika na JWST. ; Kasandiro ka vyamoyo mu mlengalenga : Edward H. White II wakwenda kuwaro kwa ndege ya mlengalenga pa Gemini 4.
    Ivi ni vimoza waka mwa vigaŵa vinandi vya astronome. Vinyake ni kasandiro ka nkhongono zikulu, kasandiro ka dongo la vibwe, kasandiro ka kunjenjemera kwa zuŵa, astronome ya maneutrino, na vinyake. Kweniso vigaŵa vya astronome kanandi vikusazgana.

Ukaboni

[lembaso | kulemba source]

Vilembo vifupi

[lembaso | kulemba source]
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