U bood nuxurka

Ciyaaraha

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Laga soo xigtay Wikipedia, Insaykalobeedhiya xorta ah
Ciyaartoyda kooxda kubadda cagta qaranka Soomaaliya intii lagu jiray tababarkii 2015
Orodka London Marathon 2005: orodada, noocyadooda kala duwan, waxay u taagan yihiin nooca ugu duugga badan uguna jilicsan ciyaaraha.

Ciyaaraha (Af Ingiriis: Sport) waa dhaqdhaqaaq jirkaga ah ama ciyaar, oo inta badan tartan iyo habaysan ah, oo ilaaliya ama hagaajiya awoodda jirrka iyo xirfadaha. Ciyaaruhu waxay bixin karaan baashaal ciyaartoyda iyo madadaalo daawadayaasha. Tirada ciyaartoyda ciyaar gaar ah waxay ka bilaaban kartaa boqolaal qof illaa hal qof oo keliya.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu ku xiran yahay dhinacyo kala duwan oo caafimaadka iyo cimri dheerida ah. Heerarka sare ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka waxay ku xiran yihiin khatar hoose oo dhimashada dhammaan sababaha iyo dhimashada cudurrada wadnaha, istaroogga iskeemikada, iyo wadne xanuunka.[1] Dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka wuxuu sidoo kale ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca astaamaha niyad-jabka, walwalka, iyo iztiroobka nafsiga ah.[2][3][4] Gaar ahaan, jimicsiga aerobikada, yoogada, iyo jimicsiga noocyada badan leh ayaa loo helay in ay waxtar u leeyihiin hoos u dhicida astaamaha niyad-jabka umusha ka dib.[5]

Tartamada ciyaaruhu waxay isticmaali karaan nooca koox ama qof keliya, waxayna noqon karaan kuwo furan, oo u oggolaanaya tiro ballaaran oo ciyaartoy ah, ama kuwo xiran, oo ku xaddidaya kaparticipatinka kooxo gaar ah ama kuwa la casuumay. Tartamadu waxay oggolaan karaan "barbardhac", oo aysan ka jirin hal guuleyste; kuwo kale waxay bixiyaan hababka barbardhac-jebinta si loo xaqiijiyo in uu jiro hal guuleyste oo keliya. Waxaa sidoo kale loo dhabar-adkeyn karaa nooca tartanka, oo soo saaraya horyaal. Liigyo badan oo ciyaareed waxay samaysan karaan horyaal sannadle ah iyagoo dhisaya ciyaaro xilliga caadiga ah ee ciyaaraha, oo ay la socdaan xaaladaha qaar ciyaaraha kama-dambaysta ah .

Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay nidaam dhaqdhaqaaqyo ku dhisnaa ciyaartoynimada jirka ama xirfadda jirka, iyadoo tartamada waaweyni ay oggol yihiin oo keliya ciyaaraha buuxiya qeexiddaan.[6] Ururada qaar, sida Golaha Yurub, waxay ka reebayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan lahayn wax walbo oo jirka ah nooca ciyaaraha.[7] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro dhaqdhaqaaqyo tartan ah, laakiin aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah, waxay sheegtaan aqoonsi sida ciyaaraha maanka. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada oo kormeera Ciyaaraha Olombikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay shataraanka iyo bridge-ka ciyaaro ahaan. SportAccord, oo ah ururka xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah, wuxuu aqoonsan yahay shanta ciyaarood oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah: shataraanka, buundo, checkers, Go iyo xiangqi.[8][9] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay xaddidaan tirada ciyaaraha maanka ee loo oggolaan karo ciyaaro ahaan.[10] Ciyaaraha guud ahaan waxaa maamula xeerar ama caadooyin, oo u adeega xaqiijinta tartan caadil ah. Guushu waxay ku go'aansami kartaa matalaadaha jirka sida dhibcaha goolasha ama goynta xariiqda marka ugu horreysa. Waxaa sidoo kale go'aamin kara garsoorayaal dhibcaha ka bixinaya waxqabadka ciyaaraha, oo ay ku jiraan xaalado ujeeddo leh ama kuwo fikrad ah sida waxqabadka farsamada ama saamaynta incaamka artistique.

Diiwaanka waxqabadka inta badan waa la dhowraa, ciyaaraha caanka ahna, macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa in si ballaaran looga dhawaaqo ama looga warramo wararka ciyaaraha. Ciyaaruhu sidoo kale waa il muhiim ah oo madadaalo u ah dadka aan kaparticipatgaraynayn, iyadoo ciyaaraha daawashada ay soo jiitaan dad badan garoomada ciyaaraha, oo ay gaaraan dhagaystayaal ballaaran oo maraya teevishanka ama radayowga. Khamaarka ciyaaraha xaaladaha qaar si daran ayaa loo maamulaa, xaaladaha kalena waa qayb ka mid ah ciyaaraha.

Sida ku cad A.T. Kearney, oo ah shirkad la-talinta, kiiska ciyaaraha ee caalamiga ah wuxuu qiimihiisu yahay ilaa $620 bilyan marka la joogo 2013.[11] Ciyaarta ugu helitaanka iyo ku practice-garaynta badan dunida waa orodka, halka kubbadda cagtu ay tahay ciyaarta daawashada ugu caansan.[12]

Ujeeddada iyo adeegsiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Etimoolojiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ereyga "sport" wuxuu ka yimid Faransiiskii Hore desport oo dhahaya "waqti firaaqo", iyadoo qeexiddii ugu duugnayd ee Ingiriisida ee qarnigii 1300 ay ahayd "wax kasta oo aadamuhu u arko kuwo xiiso leh ama madadaalo leh".[13]

Ujeedooyinka kale waxaa ka mid ah khamaarka iyo dhacdooyinka loo sameeyay ujeeddada khamaarka; ugaarsiga; iyo ciyaaraha iyo baashaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa u baahan jimicsi.[14] Roget's wuxuu qeexayaa ciyaaraha sida "dhaqdhaqaaq loo sameeyo nasasho iyo madadaalo" iyadoo synonyms-ku ay ku jiraan madadaalo iyo firaaqo-wadaag.[15]

Sida loo magacaabo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ereyga kali ah ee "sport" waxaa loo isticmaalaa lahjadaha Ingiriisida badankood si loogu qeexo fikradda guud, tusaale "carruurta kaparticipatgaraynaysa ciyaaraha", iyadoo "sports" loo isticmaalo si loogu qeexo dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan, tusaale "kubbadda cagta iyo rugby waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ingriiska". Ingiriisida Mareykanka waxay isticmaashaa "sports" labada macnaba.[16][17]

Qeexidda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ciyaaraha guddiga qaar ka mid ah ciyaaro ahaan, oo uu ku jiro shataraanka.
Boodidda fardaha, oo ah ciyaar fardoolay ah

Qeexidda saxda ah ee ka soocaysa ciyaarta dhaqdhaqaaqyada kale ee firaaqada waxay ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Midda ugu dhow heshiis caalami ah oo ku saabsan qeexidda waxaa bixiya Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Xiriirada Ciyaaraha Caalamiga ah (GAISF), oo ah ururka dhammaan xiriirada ciyaaraha caalamiga ah ee ugu waaweyn (oo ay ku jiraan kubbadda cagta, ciyaaraha fudud, baaskiil wadida, tennis-ka, ciyaaraha fardoolayda, iyo kuwo kale), saas darteedna waa maamulaha rasmiga ah ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah.

GAISF wuxuu isticmaalaa shuruudaha soo socda, wuxueena go'aamiyaa in ciyaartu tahay inay:[10]

  • leedahay walab tartanka ah
  • aysan wax ku nool ah dhib u geysanayn
  • aysan ku tiirsanayn qalab uu bixiyo hal alaab-qeybiye oo keliya (oo ay ka reeban yihiin ciyaaraha iska lahaanshaha ah sida kubbadda cagta arena)
  • aysan ku tiirsanayn wax "nasiib" ah oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay ciyaarta.

Waxay sidoo kale aqoonsan yihiin in ciyaartu noqon karto ku dhawaad jirka (sida rugby ama ciyaaraha fudud), ku dhawaad maanka (sida shataraanka ama Go), ku dhawaad matoorada (sida Formula 1 ama doonyaha matoorka), ku dhawaad iskudubaridka iyo xirfadda (sida snooker iyo ciyaaraha kale ee cue-ka), ama ku dhawaad kuwa xayawaanku taageeraan (sida ciyaaraha fardoolayda).[10]

Koodinta ciyaaraha maanka ee gudaha qeexidda ciyaaraha lama wada aqbalin, taas oo keentay lchallenge-yo sharci ah oo ka yimid maamulada maamula marka loo eego in loo diaday maalgelinta loo hayo ciyaaraha.[18] Laakiin iyadoo GAISF ay aqoonsan tahay tiro yar oo ciyaaraha maanka ah, ma furaan in ay kaparticipat-geliyaan ciyaaro kale oo maanka ah.

Waxaa jiray kordho adeegsiga ereyga "sport" ee ku saabsan ciyaaro ballaaran oo aan ahayn kuwo jirka ah sida ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano esports (ka yimid "ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah"), gaar ahaan sababtoo ah baaxadda weyn ee kaparticipatinka iyo tartanka habaysan, laakiin kuwan si ballaaran looma aqoonsana ururada ciyaaraha ee waaweyn. Sida ku cad Golaha Yurub, Axdiga Ciyaaraha Yurub, maqaalka 2.i, "'Sport' waa dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, haysata ujeedo lagu muujinayo ama lagu hagaajinayo fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan."[7]

Tartanka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Orodka fardaha

Waxaa jira fikrado iska soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan muhiimadda tartanka uu u leeyahay walaxda qeexaysa ciyaarta, iyadoo ku dhawaad dhammaan ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay ku jiraan tartan, maamulada maamulana ay u baahan yihiin tartan inay tahay shuruud ka hor aqoonsiga Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Olimbikada (IOC) ama GAISF.[10]

Ururada kale waxay u doodaan ballaadhinta qeexidda ciyaaraha si ay u noqoto dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka, oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhacdooyinka habaysan ama tartanka ah. Tusaale ahaan, Axdiga Ciyaaraha ee Golaha Yurub wuxuu qeexayaa "sport" sida: "dhammaan noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo, troo kaparticipatinka caadiga ah ama habaysan, looga dan leeyahay ilaalinta ama hagaajinta fayowida jirka iyo wanaagga maanka, dhisida xiriirada bulshada ama helitaanka natiijooyinka tartanka heerarka dhan", iyadoo si cad u dhexgalinaysa jimicsiga baashaalka ah ee loo sameeyo kaliya baashaal ahaan.[19][20]

Si loo ballaadhiyo kaparticipatinka, oo loo yareeyo saamaynta laga helayo guuldarada ciyaartoyda aan awoodda badan lahayn, waxaa jiray soo-bandhigidda dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka oo aan ahayn tartan ee dhacdooyinka tartanka ah ee caadiga ah sida maalmaha ciyaaraha ee dugsiyada, inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqyada noocan oo kale ah ay noqon karaan kuwo muran dhaliya.[21][22]

Dhacdooyinka tartanka ah, ciyaartoyda waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa ama lagu kala saaraa ku dhisnaanta "natiijadooda" iyadoo inta badan loo qeybiyo kooxo leh waxqabad loo siman yahay, tusaale, jinsiga, miisaanka iyo da'da. Qiyaasta natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa ku dhawaad ujeeddo ama fikrad, oo lagu saxo "handicaps" ama ganaaxyo. Tartanka orodka, tusaale ahaan, waqtiga lagu dhameeyay wadada waa qiyaas ujeeddo ah. Jimnaastikada ama quusida, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya garsoorayaal, sidaas darteedna waa fikrad. Waxaa jira heerar garsoorid dhex-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeya feerka iyo ciyaaraha la isku daray ee dagaalka, oo haddii aysan labada ciyaartoy midna guul helin ka hor waqtiga xaddidan, natiijada waxaa go'aamiya kaararka dhibcaha garsoorayaasha. Feerka, saddex garsoore ayaa si madax-bannaan dhibcaha uga bixiya wareeg kasta, iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha sida feerida nadiifka ah, weerarka waxtarka leh, maamulka garoonka iyo doofaaca.[23]

Taariikhda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Naxaas Roomaan ah oo laga sameeyay Discobolos ee Myron, qarnigii 2aad AD
Snoorkeler-ku waxay sameynayaan jimicsiga squats ka hor inta aysan galin barkadda ee saldhigga ciidanka Mareykanka, 2011.

Shaqooyinka gacanta iyo dhismayaasha waxay tilmaamayaan ciyaaraha Shiinaha sida ay ahayd 2000 BC.[24] Jimnaastikada waxay u muuqataa in ay caan ka ahayd waagii duugga ahaa ee Shiinaha. Taallooyinka Fircooniga waxay tilmaamaan in tiro ciyaaro ah, oo ay ku jiraan dabaasha iyo kaluumeysiga, ay ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan u horumaray oo maamulan kumanaan sano ka hor Masartii Hore.[25] Ciyaaraha kale ee Masar waxaa ka mid ahaa tuurista waranka, boodada dheer, iyo legdinta. Ciyaaraha Beershiyo ee Hore sida sanka ee soo jireenka ah ee Iiraan ee Zoorkhaneh waxay lahayd xiriir dhow oo ku saabsan xirfadaha dagaalka.[26] Ciyaaraha kale ee ka yimid Beershiyadii Hore waxaa ka mid ah polo iyo jousting. Ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Hindiya ee kala duwan sida Kho kho iyo Kabaddi waxaa la ciyaarayay kumanaan sano. Kabaddi waxaa loo ciyaarayay malaha sida u-diyaargarowga ugaarsiga.[27]

Ciyaaraha matoorada leh waxay soo muuqdeen tan iyo markii ay timid waagii casriga ahaa.

Tiro ballaaran oo ciyaaro ah ayaa horay loo dhisay waagii Gariikii Hore, dhaqanka ciidankana iyo horumarka ciyaaraha ee Gariiga waxay saameeyeen midba midka kale si weyn. Ciyaaruhu waxay noqdeen qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqankooda taas oo keentay in Gariigu ay dhiisaha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada, oo waagii duugga ahaa lagu qaban jiray afar sano kasta tuulo yar oo ku taalla Peloponnesus oo loo yaqaanay Olympia.[28]

Ciyaaraha waxaa sii kordhayay habaynta iyo maamulidda tan iyo waagii Olimbikadii Hore illaa qarniga hadda jira. Warshadaysashadu waxay keenay gaadiidka matoorada leh iyo kordhinta waqtiga firaaqada, oo u oggolaanaya dadka in ay kaparticipat-gelaan oo ay raacaan ciyaaraha daawashada oo ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaartoyda. Isbeddelladan waxay sii socdeen iyadoo ay timid warbaahinta weyn iyo xiriirka caalamiga ah. Xirfaddnimadu waxay noqotay mid caan ah, iyadoo sii kordhinaysa caannimada ciyaaraha, maadaama taageerayaasha ciyaaruhu ay raacayeen guulaha ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah – iyagoo oo dhami ku raaxaysanayay jimicsiga iyo tartanka ku xiran kaparticipatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha. Tan iyo markii uu karraday qarniga 21aad, waxaa jiray doode ka dhan ah in dadka transgender-ka ah ee ciyaartoyda ah ay awood u leeyihiin in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha ee u dhigma jinsigooda cusub.[29]

Ciyaarta caadiga ah

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda waa dabeecad u doodeysa ciyaarta caadiga ah, edebta ka dhaxaysa kooxda iyo kaadhibka, dhaqanka anshaxa leh iyo daacadnimada, iyo sharafka guusha ama guuldarada.[30][31][32]

Dhaqanka ciyaartoyda wuxuu muujinayaa rabitaan ama ruux in dhaqdhaqaaqa loogu raaxaysan doono ujeedadiisa lafahaadeed. Fikirka caanka ah ee uu qoray weriyaha ciyaaraha Grantland Rice, ee ah "ma aha inaad guuleysato ama guuldarraysato, laakiin waa sida aad u ciyaarto ciyaarta",[33] iyo caqiidada Olimbikada casriga ah ee uu muujiyay aasaasaheeda Pierre de Coubertin: "Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ma aha guusha laakiin waa kaparticipatinka," waa muujinta caadiga ah ee fikirkan.[34]

Khayaanada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Mabaadi'da muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha waxaa ka mid ah in natiijadu aysan noqon ku dhisnaan hore, iyo dhammaan ciyaartoydu inay lahaadaan fursad loo siman yahay oo ay ku guuleystaan.[35] Xeerarka iyo shuruucda waxaa dhisay maamulada maamula si loo xaqiijiyo ciyaar caadil ah iyo daacadnimo.[36] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciyaartoydu mararka kaar ayaa jebiya xeerarkan si ay u helaan faa'iido aan caadil ahayn.[37]

Ciyaartoydu waxay khayaani karaan si ay u kordhiyaan fursadahooda guusha, si ay u helaan faa'iido lacageed ama faa'iido kale.[38] Caannimada khamaarka ee ku saabsan natiijooyinka ciyaaraha waxay abuurtaa dhiirigelin lagu sameeyo hagaajinta ciyaarta (match fixing), oo hal ama ka badan oo ciyaartoy ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay go'aamiyaan natiijooyinka ka hor halkii ay si daacad ah u tartami lahaayeen.[39]

Doping-ka iyo dawooyinka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dabeecadda tartanka ah ee ciyaaraha waxay dhiirigelisaa ciyaartoyda qaar in ay isku dayaan in ay hagaajiyaan waxqabadkooda troo dawooyinka, ama habab kale sida kordhinta tirada dhiigga ee jirkooda troo habab dadku sameeyeen.[40]

Dhammaan ciyaaraha uu aqoonsan yahay IOC, ama SportAccord, waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay sameeyaan barnaamij tijaabo ah, iyagoo raadinaya liiska dawooyinka la mamnuucay, iyadoo ganaaxyo ama joojin loo dhigay ciyaartoyda ku tijaabo-gala nooca togan ee walxaha la mamnuucay.[41][42]

Dagaalka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Dagaalka ciyaaraha wuxuu ku jiraa ka tallaabida xariiqda u dhexaysa tartanka caadiga ah iyo dagaalka muuqda ee ujeeddada leh. Ciyaartoyda, tababarayaasha, taageerayaasha, iyo waalidiintu mararka kaar waxay sameeyaan dhaqan dagaal ah oo ku saabsan dadka ama hantida, iyagoo muujinaya daacadnimo, maamul, carro, ama dabaaldeg oo la khalday. Rabshadaha ama hooliganism-ka oo ay sameeyaan taageerayaashu gaar ahaan waa dhibaato ka jirta tartamada ciyaaraha ee heer qaran iyo kuwo caalami ah.[43][44]

Ka qaybqaadashada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ka qaybqaadashada jinsiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Ciyaartoyda dumarka ah ee heerka caalamiga ah ee ISTAF Berlin, 2006

Participatinka dumarka ee ciyaaraha wuu kordhay iyada oo la kordhiyay fursadaha iyo aqoonsiga kordhaya ee faa'iidooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaartoyda ee horumarka carruurta iyo fayowida jirka.[45] Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyinkan, farqiga jinsiga wuu sii jiraa. Heerka Olimbikada, dumarku waxay ahaayeen 49% oo ku taalla Tokyo 2020,[46] iyagoo gaadhay 50 % oo buuxa oo isu dhigma oo ku taalla Paris 2024.[47] Laakiin baadhitaannada caalamiga ah waxay sheegaan oo keliya 20% oo dumar ah oo ka aghb 31% oo ragg ah in ay kaparticipat-gelaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ciyaaraha bishii,[48] Ururka Caafimaadka Dduunka wuxuu xussayaa in dumarku ay 5 percentage points ka hooseeyaan ragga marka loo eego in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa la soo jeediyay.[49]

Ciyaaraha qaar waa jinsiga la isku daray, oo oggolaanaya, ama xitaa u baahan, ragga iyo dumarka in ay ku ciyaaraan koox ka mid ah. Hal tusaale oo tan ah waa Baseball5, oo ah ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee jinsiga la isku daray ee loo oggolaado Olimbikada.[50]

Participatinka dhallinyarada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waxay u bixiyaan carruurta fursado baashaal, isku xidhka bulshada, dhisida xiriirada ciyaartoyda kale, fayowida jirka, iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ee ciyaartoyda. U doodayaasha waxbarashada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah dawooyinka waxay dhiirigeliyaan ciyaaraha dhallinyarada si ay uga baxaan kaparticipatinka waxbarashada oo ay uga dagaallamaan ganacsiga dawooyinka ee sharci-darro ah. Sida ku cad Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Dhaawaca iyo Siyaasadda ee Cusbitaalka Carruurta ee Qaranka, khatarta ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha dhallinyarada waa dhimasho ama dhaawac daran oo uu ku jiro concussion. Khatarahan waxay ka yimaadaan orodka, kubbadda koleyga, kubbadda cagta, volleyball-ka, gridiron-ka, jimnaastikada, iyo ice hockey.[51] Ciyaaraha dhallinyarada ee US waa $15 bilyan oo vaza ah oo ay ku jiraan qalabka illaa tababarka gaarka ah.[52]

Participatinka dadka naqada ah

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Orodiyaha wuxuu si saaxiibtinimo ah ugu taabanayaa garabka orodiyaha kursiga curyaanka inta lagu jiro Marathon-ka Paris 2014.

Ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ama ciyaaraha la waafajiyay waxaa ciyaara dad leh naqadnimo, oo ay ku jiraan naqadnimada jirka iyo naqadnimada maanka.[53] Maadaama kuwo badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ay ku dhisnaayeen ciyaaraha jira oo la waafajiyay si loo buuxiyo baahida dadka leh naqadnimada, mararka kaar waxaa loo yaqaanaa ciyaaraha la waafajiyay.[54] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ciyaaraha dadka naqada ah ma aha kuwo la waafajiyay; tiro gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka leh naqadnimada ma laha wax u dhigma ciyaaraha dadka caadiga ah, sida goalball iyo boccia.[55]

Participatinka dadka waaweyn

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Pickleball waa ciyaar gaar ahaan u soo jiidasho badan dadka waaweyn.

Ciyaaraha Masters-ka, ciyaaraha senior-ka, ama ciyaaraha veteran-ka waa qeyb da'da ah oo ciyaaraha ah, oo inta badan ku jirta kooxaha da'da 35 iyo ka weyn.[56] Waxay khuseyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciyaaraha oo aan la beddelin ama la waafajiyay, oo leh ama aan lahayn tartamo.

Tartamada

  • World Masters Games oo la habayeeyay tan iyo 1985 afar sano kasta.
  • European Masters Games oo la habayeeyay markii ugu horreysay 2008 oo markaas ka dib afar sano kasta.
  • Senior Olympics (Senior Games)
  • USATF Masters Outdoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1968
  • USATF Masters Indoor Championships oo bilaabatay 1975
  • World Masters Athletics Championships oo bilaabatay 1975

Participatinka daawadayaasha

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Daawadayaasha Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee 1906

Qaybta tartanka ee ciyaaraha, iyada oo la socota soo jiidashada quruxda ee dhinacyada qaar, waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha daawashada. Ciyaaraha amateerka iyo xirfadlaha ah waxay soo jiitaan dhagaystayaal toos ah oo ku yaalla garoomada iyo troo warbaahinta – radayowga, teevishanka iyo intarneedka – oo mid kasta oo kuwan ka mid ah uu ka qaadi karo lacagaha sida tikidhada ama isdhaafsiga pay-per-view.[57] Liigyada ciyaaraha iyo tartamadu waxay bixiyaan hababka habaysan ee ugu muhiimsan ee tartanka caadiga ah ee u dhexeya kooxaha ama ciyaartoyda gaarka ah.[58]

Dhacdooyinka sare waxay amraan dhagaystayaal waaweyn, iyagoo dhiirigeliya heshiisyo waaweyn oo xuquuqda warbaahinta ah. Ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka FIFA 2006 waxay soo jiitatay in ka badan 700 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo duunka oo dhan ah,[59] ciyaarta kama-dambaysta ah ee Koobka Duunka ee Cricket 2011 waxaa daawaday noin 135 milyan oo daawadayaal ah oo ku taalla Hindiya oo keliya.[60] Mareykanka, Super Bowl wuxuu ku jiraa nooca teevishanka sannadlaha ah ee ugu daawashada badan, iyadoo Super Bowl XLIX ee 2015 uu lahaa averiiji 114 milyan oo daawadayaal ah.[61] Axadda Super Bowl waxaa loo arkaa fasax qaran oo aan rasmi ahayn, iyo 2015 booska xayeysiiska ee 30-ilbiriqsi ah waxaa lagu iibiyay noin US$4.5 milyan.[62]

Hiwaayad iyo xirfadle

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Kooxda volleyball-ka ee dumarka ee jaamacadda Mareykanka

Ciyaaraha waxaa loo samayn karaa nooc amateer, xirfadle ama xirfadle Dhexe ah, iyada oo ku xiran haddii ciyaartoyda loo dhiirigeliyo kaparticipatinka (inta badan troo bixinta lacagta ama mushaharka). Participatinka amateerka ee ciyaaraha heerarka hoose inta badan loo yaqaan "ciyaaraha xididdada" (grassroots sport).[7][63]

Caannimada ciyaaraha daawashada oo ah firaaqo u ah dadka aan kaparticipat-gelaayn waxay keentay in ciyaaruhu ay noqdaan ganacsi weyn oo madax-bannaan, tanina waxay dhiirigelisay dhaqanka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ee bixiya lacagaha sare, oo ciyaartoyda waxqabadka sare leh lagu abaalmariyo lacag ka badan mushaharka averiijiga ah, oo gaari karta milyan oo doolar.[64]

Ciyaaraha qaar, ama tartamada gaarka ah ee ku jira ciyaaraha, waxay haystaan siyaasad ah oggolaanshaha ciyaaraha amateerka oo keliya. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada waxay ku bilaabmeen mabda'a tartanka amateerka iyadoo kuwa ciyaarta u ciyaara si xirfadle ah loo arkayay in ay leeyihiin faa'iido aan caadil ahayn marka loo eego kuwa u ciyaara kaliya sida hiwaayad.[65] Tan iyo 1971, ciyaartoyda Olimbikada waxaa loo oggolaaday in ay helaan lacag iyo kafaalo-qaad (sponsorship),[66] iyadoo tan iyo 1986, IOC ay go'aansatay in ay ka dhigto dhammaan ciyaartoyda xirfadlayaasha ah kuwo u qalma Olimbikada,[66][67] iyadoo laga reebayo feerka,[68][69] iyo legdinta.[70][71]

Tiknoolojiga

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Muuqaalkan ku yaalla Melbourne Cricket Ground wuxuu tilmaamayaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad uu sameeyo ka dib marka dib loo eego.

Teknoolojigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa qayb muhiim ah ciyaaraha casriga ah. Waa qayb loo baahan yahay oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha qaar (sida ciyaaraha matoorada), waxaana loo isticmaalaa kuwo kale si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka. Ciyaaraha qaar waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan si loogu oggolaado go'aan-gaarida ka baxsan garoonka.

Aqoonta ciyaaraha (sports science) waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa goobaha oo ay ku jiraan waxqabadka ciyaartoyda, sida isticmaalka falanqaynta fiidiyowga si loo hagaajiyo farsamada, ama qalabka, sida hagaajinta kabaha orodka ama dharka dabaasha ee tartanka. Injineernimada ciyaaraha waxay soo muuqatay sida qeyb aqooneed 1998 iyada oo kordhinaysa diiradda oo aysan ahayn oo keliya dhiisida walxaha laakiin sidoo kale isticmaalka teknoolojiga ee ciyaaraha, ka yimid falanqaynta iyo data-da weyn illaa teknoolojiga la xerto.[72] Si loo maamulo saamaynta teknoolojiga ee ciyaarta caadiga ah, maamulada maamula inta badan waxay leeyihiin xeerar gaar ah oo loo dhigay si loo maamulo saamaynta faa'iidada farsamada ee u dhexaysa ciyaartoyda. Tusaale ahaan, 2010, dharka dabaasha ee buuxa oo aan ahayn textile-ka waxaa mamnuucay FINA, maadaama ay hagaajinayeen waxqabadka dabaalyada.[73][74]

Kordhinta teknoolojiga waxay sidoo kale oggolaatay go'aano badan oo ciyaaraha ah in la qaato, ama dib loo eego, ka baxsan garoonka, iyadoo maamule kale uu isticmaalayo muujinta fiidiyowga tooska ah si uu u sameeyo go'aano. Ciyaaraha qaar, ciyaartoydu hadda waxay kaparticipat-geli karaan go'aanada ay sameeyeen maamuladu. Kubbadda cagta, teknoolojiga xariiqda goolka wuxuu sameeyaa go'aano ku saabsan haddii kubbadu ay goysay xariiqda goolka ama aysan goyn.[75] Teknoolojigu ma aha mid khasab ah,[76] laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 2014 ee Brazil,[77] iyo Koobka Duunka ee Dumarka ee FIFA 2015 ee Canada,[78] sida lagu isticmaalay Premier League tan iyo 2013–14,[79] iyo Bundesliga tan iyo 2015–16.[80] NFL-ka, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa dib u eegis ka timaada goobta dib u eegiska, ama tababaraha wuxuu soo saari karaa challenge si loo dib u eego ciyaarta iyadoo la isticmaalayo muujinta. Go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah wuxuu ku jiraa garsooraha.[81] Garsooraha fiidiyowga (caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Television Match Official ama TMO) wuxuu sidoo kale isticmaali karaa muujinta si uu u caawiyo go'aan-gaarida rugby-ga (labada liig iyo union).[82][83] Cricket-ka caalamiga ah, garsooruhu wuxuu kordhin karaa go'aanka garsooraha saddexaad, garsooraha saddexaadna wuxuu sameeyaa go'aanka kama-dambaysta ah.[84][85] Tan iyo 2008, nidaamka dib u eegiska go'aanka ee ciyaartoyda si loo dib u eego go'aanada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay oo lagu isticmaalay tartamada uu maamulo ICC, iyo ikhtiyaar ahaan ciyaaraha kale.[84][86] Iyada oo ku xiran warbaahinta martigalisa, tiro teknoolojiyo oo kala duwan ayaa lagu isticmaalaa inta lagu jiro dib u eegiska garsooraha ama ciyaartoyda, oo ay ku jiraan muujinta tooska ah, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot iyo Real Time Snickometer.[87][88] Hawk-Eye waxaa sidoo kale lagu isticmaalaa tennis-ka si loogu tartamo go'aanada garsoorida.[89][90]

Ciyaaraha iyo waxbarashada

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Cilmi-baadhisu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ciyaaruhu ay leeyihiin awood ay ku xidhaan dhallinyarada iyo tusaalayaasha togan ee dadka waaweyn oo ay bixiyaan fursado horumarineed oo togan, sida ay u dhiirigeliyaan barashada iyo dabaqidda xirfadaha nolosha.[91][92] Sannadaha dhow isticmaalka ciyaaraha si loo yareeyo dambiyada, sida in looga hortago xagjirnimada dagaalka ah iyo xagjirnimada, wuxuu noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan sida qalab lagu hagaajinayo kalsoonida nafta, kor loogu qaado xiriirada bulshada oo la siiyo ciyaartoyda dareen ujeeddo leh.[92]

Ma jiro caddeyn heersare ah oo muujinaysa waxtarka dhiirigelinta lagu kordhinayo kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha ee bulshada ee ciyaaraha sida ololaha warbaahinta weyn, fadhiyada waxbarashada, iyo isbeddellada siyaasadda.[93] Sidoo kale ma jiraan wax barasho heersare ah oo baadhaya saamaynta dhiirigelinta noocan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan dhiirigelinta isbeddelka dhaqanka caafimaadka ee bulshada.[94]

Shahaadooyinka waxbarashada waxaa lagu heli karaa ciyaaraha: tusaale ahaan, aqoonta ciyaaraha waa qeyb aqooneed oo si wanaagsan u dhisnaa. UK, BTEC National Diploma ku saabsan Tababarka Ciyaaraha iyo Horumarinta waxaa bixiya Pearson Education.[95] Waxaa jira afar shahaado oo ku jira qoyskan:

  • Extended Certificate in Sports Coaching
  • Foundation Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
  • Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development
  • Extended Diploma in Sports Coaching and Development.[96]

Ciyaaraha iyo jir dhiska

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Ciyaaraha ku jira jimicsiga jirka waxay leeyihiin saamayn togan oo ku saabsan heerarka fayowida ee ciyaartoyda. Dhinacyada guud, heerarka sare ee xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta waxaa lagu heli karaa iyada oo la waafajinayo baahida ciyaarta.[97] Tusaale ahaan, qof wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog badan oo leh heerarka sare ee dulqaadka troo legdinta ama mid dabacsan troo ciyaarida kubbadda koleyga. Ciyaaraha kala duwan waxay hagaajin karaan awoodaha jirka ee ciyaartoyga habab kala duwan. Walxaha xoogga, xawaaraha, dulqaadka iyo dabacsanaanta oo lagu isticmaalo ciyaaraha, oo lagu hagaajiyo, waxaa sidoo kale kordhin kara jimicsiga tababarka gaarka ah.[98]

Hagaajinta lagu helay jimicsigan waxay ka dib hagaajin kartaa awoodda ciyaartoyga ee uu ku ciyaaro ciyaarta. Tusaale jimicsiga dabacsanaanta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano drill, waa marka qof waddo dabacsanaan ah oo ku taalla dhulka uu ku socdo. Qofku wuxuu boodayaa kor iyo horay si hal cag ay ugu jirto gudaha geeska wadada cagna ay ka baxsan tahay. Waxay ka dib boodayaan kor iyo horay mar kale si cagta ku jirta gudaha iyo cagta ka baxsan geeska ay isbeddelaan i.e. cagta bidix ee gudaha iyadoo cagta xaq a ay ka baxsan tahay, ka dib cagta xaq a ee gudaha iyadoo cagta bidix ay ka baxsan tahay iyo siday u socoto waddada.[99] Tani waxay caawisaa hagaajinta heerka guud ee dabacsanaanta sababtoo ah dabacsanaantu waa muhiim kubbadda koleyga waxay sidoo kale hagaajisaa awoodda kubbadda koleyga. Jimicsiga dabacsanaanta waxaa loo waafajin karaa si dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu sameeyo ay ugu dhowaadaan kuwa lagu isticmaalo inta ay socoto ciyaartu. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in nooca dabacsanaanta ee la dhisay uu yahay mid loo wareejin karo tartanka dhabta ah.[100] Tusaalihii hore, dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah iyo dhigista cagaha wuxuu dhisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa cagaha degdega ah oo loo baahan yahay ciyaarta kubbadda koleyga.

Barnaamijyada tababarka ciyaaraha waxay ku jiraan sameynta xirfadaha gaarka ah ee ciyaartaas i.e. tababarka kubbadda cagta wuxuu ku jiri karaa baasitaanka kubbadda oo lagu celceliyo, iyo hagaajinta fayowida jirka guud iyo awoodda i.e. orodka wareegyada garoonka. Labada diiradood ee tababarkan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhigo qof mid waxtar badan leh ciyaartaas iyadoo lagu hagaajinayo awoodooda ay ku buuxinayaan oo ay uga baxayaan dhibaatooyinka ay bixiso.[101]

Siyaasadda

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Benito Mussolini wuxuu isticmaalay Koobka Duunka FIFA 1934, oo lagu qabtay Talyaaniga, si uu u muujiyo Talyaaniga Fascist-ka ah.[102][103] Adolf Hitler wuxuu isticmaalay Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Xagaaga 1936 ee lagu qabtay Berlin, iyo Ciyaaraha Olimbikada Jiilaalka 1936 ee lagu qabtay Garmisch-Partenkirchen, si uu u dhiirigeliyo caqiidada Nazi-ga ee sareynta dadka Aryan-ka, iyo hooseynta Yuhuudda iyo "kuwa kale oo aan la rabin".[103][104] Jarmalku wuxuu isticmaalay Olimbikada si uu u muujiyo muuqaal nabad ah iyadoo hoose si qarsoodi ah loogu diyaargarobayay dagaal.[105]

Markii apartheid uu ahaa siyaasadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika, tiro ciyaartoy ah, gaar ahaan rugby union-ka, waxay qaateen dhabar-adayg ah in aysan ka muuqan ciyaaraha tartanka ah ee halkaas ka jira. Kuwa qaar waxay u arkaan in tani ay ahayd waxtar waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhammaadka apartheid, kuwa kalena waxay u arkaan in ay sii dheeraysay oo ay sii xoojisay saamaynteeda ugu darayd.[106]

Taariikhda Ireland, ciyaaraha Gaelic waxay ku xirnaayeen waddaniyadda dhaqanka. Illaa bartamihii qarnigii 20aad qof waa la mamnuuci karay in uu ciyaaro Gaelic football, hurling, ama ciyaaraha kale oo maamulo Ururka Ciyaaraha Gaelic (GAA) haddii uu ciyaaro ama taageero kubbadda cagta, ama ciyaaraha kale oo loo arko in ay ka yimaadeen Ingriiska. GAA waxay mamnuucday ciyaarida kubbadda cagta iyo rugby union-ka garoomada Gaelic. Mamnuucan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Xeerka 42,[107] weli waa lagu dhaqmaa, laakiin waa la beddelay si loogu oggolaado kubbadda cagta iyo rugby-ga in lagu ciyaaro Croke Park iyadoo Lansdowne Road dib loo dhisayay iyadoo loo beddelayo Aviva Stadium. Xeerka 21 hoostiisa, GAA waxay mamnuucday xubnaha ciidamada nabadgelyada Ingriiska iyo xubnaha Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in ay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha Gaelic, laakiin karradkii Heshiiskii Jimcaha Wanaagsanaa ee 1998 wuxuu keenay ka saarida mamnuucan.[108]

Waddaniyaddu inta badan waxay ka muuqataa raadinta ciyaaraha ama warbixinteeda: ciyaartoydu waxay ku tartamaan kooxaha qaranka, oo weriyayaasha ama dhagaystayaashu inta badan waxay qaataan fikrado leexsan.[109] Mararka kaar, fardhadan waxay u beddelataa dagaal u dhexeya ciyaartoyda ama daawadayaasha, sida inta lagu jiro Dagaalkii Kubbadda Cagta ee 1969 ee u dhexeyay El Salvador iyo Honduras, oo ah dagaal uu kiciyay rabshadaha ku taalla kaparticipatinka Koobka Duunka.[110] Dhacdooyinkan waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka dhan ah ruuxa muhiimka ah ee ciyaaraha—kaas oo ah, in loogu tartamo ujeedadeeda lafahaadeed iyo baashaalka ciyaartoyda. Siyaasadda iyo ciyaaruhu waxay si xanuun badan u isku arkeen Olimbikadii Munich 1972, markii dagaalyahanno Falastiiniyiin ah ay ka soo galeen Tuulada Olimbikada, iyagoo la haystayaal u qaday xubnaha kooxda Israa'iil, iyagoo aakhirkiina dilay 11 ciyaartoy oo loo yaqaano gumaadkii Munich.[111]

Barashada doorashooyinka US waxay muujisay in natiijada dhacdooyinka ciyaaruhu ay saamayso natiijooyinka. Barasho lagu daabacay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences waxay muujisay in marka kooxda gurigu ay guuleysato ciyaarta ka hor doorashada, murashaxiinta maamulka ku jira ay kordhin karaan saamigooda codadka 1.5%. Guuldaradu waxay lahayd saamayn iska soo horjeeda, saamayntanina waa ka weyn tahay kooxaha sare ama guulaha iyo guuldarooyinka aan la filayn.[112] Marka Washington Commanders ay guuleystaan ciyaartooda kama-dambaysta ah ka hor doorashada, markaas madaxweynaha maamulka ku jira wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto, haddii ay guuldarraystaana, murashaxa mucaaradka wuxuu leeyahay fursad ka badan oo uu ku guuleysto; tani waxay noqotay mid loo yaqaan Xeerka Redskins.[113][114]

Sida keenista maamulida iyo hoos-u-dhicida dadka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Étienne de La Boétie, qoraalkiisa Discourse on Voluntary Servitude wuxuu ku qeexayaa ciyaaraha daawashada sida habab ay kalitalisyadu ku maamulaan dadkooda iyagoo ka leexinaya diiradda.

Ha u malaynina in uu jiro shimbir si fudud loo qabto decoy-ga, ama samayn kasta oo si degdeg ah ku xiranta jillaabka troo sedka gooryaanka ah, ka sii badan dhammaan doqoomadan saboolka ah oo si caqli badan loogu khayay addoonsiga...waxay isu oggolaadaan in la qabto si degdeg ah marka la joogo taabashada yar ee rabitaankooda. Ciyaaraha, riwaayadaha, daawashada, gladiators, xayawaanka yaabka leh, biladaha, sawirrada, iyo daroogooyinka kale oo noocan oo kale ah, kuwani waxay u ahaayeen dadkii duugga ahaa sedka loo adeegsado addoonsiga, qiimaha xorriyaddooda, qalabka kalitalisnimada. Troo kuwan...dhiirigelinta kalitalisyadii duugga ahaa waxay si guul leh ugu seexiyeen dadkooda madaxa hoostiisa, iyadoo dadkii wareeray, ay ku sasabmeen madadaalada iyo baashaalka been-abuurka ah ee ka muuqday eygooda ka hor, ay barteen adheecsiga si fudud...sida carruurta yaryari ay u bartaan akhriska iyagoo eegaya buugaagta sawirrada dhalaalaya.[115]

Intii uu socday maamulkii Ingriiska ee Bengal, ciyaaraha Ingriiska iyo Yurub waxay bilaabeen in ay beddelaan ciyaaraha soo jireenka ah ee Bengal, taas oo keentay in la lumiyo dhaqankii hoose.[116][117]

Jarmalkii Bari oo ay maamulayeen shuuciyadu, tan iyo 1970-yadii illaa 1990, 'noin 3,000 oo caawiyayaal aan rasmi ahayn ayaa lagu isticmaalay sannad kasta ciyaaraha heerka sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan ciyaartoy badan oo kubbadda cagta ah, taageerayaal iyo garsoorayaal'.[118] Ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Stasi ay ku dhistay nidaamkan ballaaran ee caawiyayaasha ah waxay ahayd in ka hortag lagaga sameeyo ciyaartoyda in ay u baxsadaan Galbeedka, iyagoo isticmaalaya labada hab ee ilaalinta iyo caddadinta.[119]

Fikradaha diinta

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
Orodka cagaha wuxuu ahaa hal dhacdo oo loo go'aamiyay Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, Circa 500 BC, Louvre museum.

Ciyaaruhu waxay ahaayeen nooc muhiim ah oo cibaado ah Diinta Gariigii Hore. Ciyaaraha Olimbikada ee duugga ahaa waxaa lagu qaban jiray maamuuska ilaaha sare, Zeus, iyadoo lagu muujinayo noocyo kala duwan oo u-go'aaminta diinta ah ee isaga iyo ilaahyada kale.[120] Gariig badan ayaa u safrayay si ay u eegaan ciyaaraha, iyadoo isku-darka socdaalka diinta iyo ciyaaraha uu u served-garaynayay sida hab lagu maamulayo midnimadooda oo hal dad ah.[121]

Ku-practice-garaynta tartamada ciyaaraha waxaa dhaleeceeyay mufakiriinta Masiixiga ah oo loo arkayay nooc sanam-caabudid ah, oo "aadamuhu uu is-sareeyo, is-caabudo, is-saciifiyo oo is-abaalmariyo."[122] Ciyaaraha waxaa loo arkaa kuwo dhaleeceeyayaashan ay u arkaan muujinta "kibri wadajir ah" iyo "is-ilaahaysi qaran" oo awoodaha aadamaha lagu sanam-caabudo iyada oo laga tagayo cibaadada diinta.[122]

Tertullian wuxuu dhaleeceeyay waxqabadka ciyaaraha ee maalmihiisii, wuxueena ku insisted-garaynayay "dhammaan qalabka nooca ciyaaraha wuxuu ku dhisnaa sanam-caabudid."[123] Ciyaaraha, wuxuu leeyahay Tertullian, waxay kiciyaan dareenno la yaab leh oo ka baxsan dabeecadda deggen ee uu dhisay Masiixiga:

Ilaah wuxuu nagu amray inaan u dhaqanno si deggen, si tartiib ah, si ka samaysan nabad, iyadoo uu la joogo Ruhal Qudus-ka, sababtoo ah waxyaabahani oo keliya waxay ku habboon yihiin wanaagga Dabeecaddiisa, iyadoo leh debecsanaanteisa iyo dareenkiisa. ... Hagaag, sida ay tani ugu habboonaan doontaa ciyaaraha? Sababtoo ah ciyaartu mar walba waxay keentaa iztiroob ruuxi ah, sababtoo ah halka ay ka jirto baashaal, waxaa ka jira dareen adag oo bixinaya baashaalka; halka ay ka jirto dareen adag, waxaa ka jira tartan oo siinaya kuleylkiisa. Ka dibna, marka aad leedahay tartan, waxaad leedahay carro, qadhaadh, xanaaq iyo calool-xumo, iyadoo dhammaan waxyaabaha xun ay ka soo bayaan kuwan – oo dhan si buuxda oo ka baxsan diinta Masiixa.[124]

Wadaaddada Masiixiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Wesleyan-Holiness waxay ka soo horjeedaan daawashada ama kaparticipatinka ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah, iyagoo raba in liigyada ciyaaraha xirfadlaha ah ay nijaaseeyaan Sabtida, oo ay la tartamaan u-go'aaminta Masiixiga ee Ilaah, muujiyaan la'aanta xishoodka ee dharka ciyaartoyda iyo cheerleaders-ka, oo ay ku xirnaadaan dagaal iyo isticmaalka dhaaraha ee u dhexeya ciyaartoy badan, oo ay dhiirigeliyaan khamaarka, sida khamriga iyo dawooyinka kale ee dhacdooyinka ciyaaraha, oo ka dhan ah u-go'aaminta teetotalism-ka.[125]

Xigashooyinka

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Kraus, William E.; Powell, Kenneth E.; Haskell, William L.; Janz, Kathleen F.; Campbell, Wayne W.; Jakicic, John M.; Troiano, Richard P. (2019). "Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 51 (6): 1270.
  2. ↑ Singh, Ben; Olds, Timothy; Curtis, Rachel; Dumuid, Dorothea; Virgara, Rosa; Watson, Amanda; Szeto, Kimberley (2023). "Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 57 (18): 1203–1209.
  3. ↑ Munro, Neil Richard; Teague, Samantha; Somoray, Klaire; Simpson, Aaron; Budden, Timothy; Jackson, Ben; Rebar, Amanda; Dimmock, James (2026). "Effect of exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic umbrella review with meta-meta-analysis". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 60 (8): 590–599.
  4. ↑ Noetel, Michael; Sanders, Taren; Gallardo-Gómez, Daniel; Taylor, Paul; del Pozo Cruz, Borja; Van Den Hoek, Daniel; Smith, Jordan J. (2024). "Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 384.
  5. ↑ Campos-Marin, Álvaro; García-Muñoz, Cristina; Matias-Soto, Javier; Martinez-Calderon, Javier (2025). "What interventions focused on physical activity could improve postpartum depression symptoms? An overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis". Healthcare. 13 (12): 1419.
  6. ↑ "List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports and Events". The Olympic Movement. 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 Qoraalka tixraaca
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