Tifinaɣ

Tifinaɣ (Asusru amaziɣ: [tifinaɣ]; Niyu-Tifinaɣ: ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ; Tifinaɣ n imuzaɣ: ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵗ niɣ ⵜⴼⵏⵗ) iga yan ugʷmmay n tirra ittyusmrasn g tirra n tutlayin timaziɣin.^[1]^[2]

Tettyuskar yat twafuɣt tatrart n ugʷmmay abldi, ddaw ism Niyu-Tifinaɣ (s tnglizt: Neo-Tifinaɣ) ɣ tasuta tis 20. Ar tettyusmras yat twafuɣt n uskkil abldi, ism nns Tifinaɣ IRCAM, ɣ usslmd n tutlayt tamaziɣt i wazzann ɣ tinmal ula ɣ kra n tẓrigin ɣ Lmɣrib.^[3]

Tucka-d tguri Tifinaɣ, ɣ tannayt n kra n imrzzutn, zɣ usmzzɣ n tguri talatint “Punicus” s ti- lli igan azwir n wunti amaziɣ^[4]^[5]; ayann a f irwas is tsnamk “(iskkiln) ifuniqn” nɣ d “iskkiln ibuniqn”. Wiyyaḍ ar snaln yat tsnaẓɣuṛt izdin d umyag “efneɣ” lli isnamkn 'Ara'.^[6]

Asala

Ar ttinin imuzayn is d yucka ugʷmmay n Tifinaɣ zɣ ugʷmmay alibi azayku nɣ Alibu-maziɣ (Libyco-Berber), macc amhaz nns ur bahra yuman.^[7] Amggaru ad ikka tt inn ar t bahra ssmrasn imssiwln n tutlayt Tanuimidt nɣ Talibit taqburt, nna f ur nssin amr kra idrusn, ɣ tfriqt n ugafa. Asala n ugʷmmay ad ur ittwassan s tmyimant. Kra n imrzzutn annin is ila kra n tsqqnt d ugʷmmay Afuniq.^[8] Ur ittwassan wakud ɣ d ibayn ugʷmmay alibu-maziɣ, macca ur rad yizwur ifḍ tamzwaru dat n tlalit.^[9] Inɣuba ugʷmmay ḍart n walik aɛṛab i tmazɣa ɣ tasuta tiss 8, yamẓ ugʷmmay aɛṛab adɣar n igʷmmayn Alibu-maziɣ d Ulatin.^[10]

Ttwassannt snat tmzarayin nns: tagumḍant d tutrimt. Tkka tt inn tagmuḍant ar tettusmras ɣ mad igan ɣil ad Qusṭanṭina d tsga n Wawṛas ɣ Ddzayr d Tuns. Nttan a mi ifsi usntl uggar n tmzarayin yaḍn acku ufan t mnnawt tkkal ɣ umnid n usuɣl s Tbuniqt. Zɣ 1843, fsin imrzzutn asntl n 22 zɣ 24 n iskkiln. Tutrimt tga tamnzut uggarn, tṭṭf 13 n uskkil uggar, ig usayrar zɣ Lqbayl tatrart ar Tigzirin n ukanari, adɣar g tt inn tkka tettusmras gis.

Ikka tt inn ugʷmmay Alibu-maziɣ iga abjad azddag (ur ar ittzmmim iɣritn). Tussda ur ar tettuzmmam. Ɣ umata, ar ittyura zɣ izddar s uflla, maccan ar nttafa zɣ ufasi s uẓlmaḍ d wiyyaḍ ula nttni.^[11]

Tifinaɣ n imuzaɣ

Agʷmmay Alibu-maziɣ ar ittyusmras ass ad s talɣa n Tfinaɣ ɣ tirra n tutlayin n imuzaɣ lli igan zɣ waragg amaziɣ n twja tafṛusyawit. Ttyufan issmrsn imzwura n ugʷmmay ad f kra n tẓuriwin n iẓaggn ɣ mmnaw imḍlan zun d win tgellidt tamazaɣt Tin Hinan.^[12]

Inna M.C.A. Mac Donald is gan imuzaɣ yan wamun amiwan ɣ iskar umsawaḍ amiwan d tmktit kullu tisɣanin lli tskar tiɣri d tirra ɣ wamun aggag... Tifinaɣ ar bahra ittusmras ɣ tsurarin d igraffitn d tuzinin gzzulnin."

Kra n tikkal, ittusmras ugʷmmay ɣ tirra n kra n tutlayin taddjaṛin zun d Tagdal lli igan zɣ twja yaḍn mi ism "Ṣungay".

Asnmarra

Ar tmmal twlaft ɣ uzlmaḍ mmnawt tlɣiwin n iskkiln. Mqqar tga tussda timlicant ur ar tettuzmmam ɣ Tfinaɣ. Iggut ma ɣ ar ittmun uskkil t, +, d uskkil nna t iḍfrn ifk anɣ asmsl (ligature).

Azmz azayku

Afiniq	Rhvaf	Tifinaɣ n ccaq
	ʾ
	b
	g
	d
	h
	w
	z
	ḥ
	ṭ
	y
	k
	l
	m
	n
	s
	ε
	p,f
	ṣ
	q
	r
	š
	t
	ẓ
	j

Iskkiln

Wid ad igan iskkiln iqqbuṛn n tfinaɣ d tifinaɣ tatrart:

Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Talsarit		Ism
Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Alatin	GMG (IPA)	Ism
U+2D30		ⴰ	a	a~æ~ɑ	ya
U+2D31		ⴱ	b	b	yab
U+2D32		ⴲ	b	β	yab amryan
U+2D33		ⴳ	g	ɡ	yag
U+2D34		ⴴ	g	ɣ	yag amryan
U+2D35		ⴵ	dj, ǧ	d͡ʒ	yadj n ugraw amaziɣ
U+2D36		ⴶ	dj, ǧ	d͡ʒ	yadj
U+2D37		ⴷ	d	d	yad
U+2D38		ⴸ	d	ð	yad amryan
U+2D39		ⴹ	ḍ	dˤ	yaḍ
U+2D3A		ⴺ	ḍ	ðˤ	yaḍ amryan
U+2D3B		ⴻ	e	ə	yey
U+2D3C		ⴼ	f	f	yaf
U+2D3D		ⴽ	k	k	yak
U+2D3E		ⴾ	k	k	yak n imuzaɣ (Twarg)
U+2D3F		ⴿ	k	x	yak amryan
U+2D40		ⵀ	h b	h b	yah = yab n imuzaɣ
U+2D41		ⵁ	h	h	yah n ugraw amaziɣ
U+2D42		ⵂ	h	h	yah n imuzaɣ
U+2D43		ⵃ	ḥ	ħ	yaḥ
U+2D44		ⵄ	ʕ (ɛ)	ʕ	yaʕ (yaɛ)
U+2D45		ⵅ	kh (x)	χ	yax
U+2D46		ⵆ	kh (x)	χ	yax n imuzaɣ
U+2D47		ⵇ	q	q	yaq
U+2D48		ⵈ	q	q	yaq n imuzaɣ
U+2D49		ⵉ	i	i~ɪ~ɨ	yi
U+2D4A		ⵊ	j	ʒ	yaj
U+2D4B		ⵋ	j	ʒ	yaj n Uhaggar
U+2D4C		ⵌ	j	ʒ	yaj n imuzaɣ
U+2D4D		ⵍ	l	l	yal

Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Talsarit		Ism
Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Alatin	GMG (IPA)	Ism
U+2D4E		ⵎ	m	m	yam
U+2D4F		ⵏ	n	n	yan
U+2D50		ⵐ	ny	nj	yagn n imuzaɣ
U+2D51		ⵑ	ng	ŋ	yang n imuzaɣ
U+2D52		ⵒ	p	p	yap
U+2D53		ⵓ	u	u~ʊ~o	yu = yaw n imuzaɣ
U+2D54		ⵔ	r	r	yar
U+2D55		ⵕ	ṛ	rˤ	yaṛ
U+2D56		ⵖ	gh (ɣ)	ɣ	yaɣ
U+2D57		ⵗ	gh (ɣ)	ɣ	yaɣ n imuzaɣ
U+2D58		ⵘ	gh (ɣ) j	ɣ ʒ	yaɣ n Ayr = yaj n Adrar
U+2D59		ⵙ	s	s	yas
U+2D5A		ⵚ	ṣ	sˤ	yaṣ
U+2D5B		ⵛ	sh, c (š)	ʃ	yaš (yac)
U+2D5C		ⵜ	t	t	yat
U+2D5D		ⵝ	t	θ	yat amryan
U+2D5E		ⵞ	ch, č (tš)	t͡ʃ	yatš (yač)
U+2D5F		ⵟ	ṭ	tˤ	yaṭ
U+2D60		ⵠ	v	v	yav
U+2D61		ⵡ	w	w	yaw
U+2D62		ⵢ	y	j	yay
U+2D63		ⵣ	z	z	yaz
U+2D64		ⵤ	z	z	Tawellemet yaz = Harpoon yaz
U+2D65		ⵥ	ẓ	zˤ	yaẓ
U+2D66		ⵦ	e	e	ye (APT)
U+2D67		ⵧ	o	o	yo (APT)
U+2D6F		ⵯ	+ʷ	ʷ	Tamatart n uganculwiɣ ≈ <super> 2D61

Isinskiuln

Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Talsarit		Ism
Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Alatin	GMG(IPA)	Ism
U+2D5C U+2D59		ⵜⵙ	ts	t͡s	yats
U+2D37 U+2D63		ⴷⵣ	dz	d͡z	yadz

Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Talsarit		Ism
Yunikud	Tuniɣt	Tasisklt	Alatin	GMG(IPA)	Ism
U+2D5C U+2D5B		ⵜⵛ	ch (tš)	t͡ʃ	yatš
U+2D37 U+2D4A		ⴷⵊ	dj	d͡ʒ	yadj

**Tasaurt n ikʷlan**
Tifinaɣ Tasilant (IRCAM)^[13]	Tifinaɣ Tamiriwt (IRCAM)^[14]	Iskkiln n tfinaɣ yaḍnin	Iskkilen itrarn n imuzaɣ

unikud

Tetturna tfinaɣ g yunikud g Mars 2005, d wufuɣ n wis 4.1.

Afarra (bloc) n Tfinaɣ g yunikud iga t: U+2D30–U+2D7F.

**Tifinaɣ**Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+2D3x	ⴰ	ⴱ	ⴲ	ⴳ	ⴴ	ⴵ	ⴶ	ⴷ	ⴸ	ⴹ	ⴺ	ⴻ	ⴼ	ⴽ	ⴾ	ⴿ
U+2D4x	ⵀ	ⵁ	ⵂ	ⵃ	ⵄ	ⵅ	ⵆ	ⵇ	ⵈ	ⵉ	ⵊ	ⵋ	ⵌ	ⵍ	ⵎ	ⵏ
U+2D5x	ⵐ	ⵑ	ⵒ	ⵓ	ⵔ	ⵕ	ⵖ	ⵗ	ⵘ	ⵙ	ⵚ	ⵛ	ⵜ	ⵝ	ⵞ	ⵟ
U+2D6x	ⵠ	ⵡ	ⵢ	ⵣ	ⵤ	ⵥ	ⵦ	ⵧ								ⵯ
U+2D7x	⵰															⵿

Ẓṛ uggar

Langue et littérature berbères par Salem Chaker, directeur du Centre de recherche berbère à l'INALCO.
L'Ecriture amazighe Tifinaghe et Unicode, article paru dans la revue internationale "Etudes et Documents Berbères" vol. 22, 2004 : pp. 175-173, par Lahbib Zenkouar,
Rapport d'activités du CEISIC (année 2005) par Lahbib Zenkouar, Professeur à l'Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs (EMI), Rabat (Maroc), Directeur du Centre des Etudes Informatiques, des Systèmes d'Information et de Communication (CEISIC) de l'Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe (IRCAM)(2002/2006).
Hapax.qc.ca - Inventaire des oeils (liste Unicode)
Mondeberbere.com - Tifinagh: l'alphabet berbère de A à Yaz
Entretien avec M.Ammar Negadi, ex-membre de l'Académie berbère
Kabyle.com - Entrevue avec Patrick Andries, expert Unicode, au sujet de l'« entrée du tifinagh dans la norme ISO »
Site sur la culture amazigh, particulièrement la musique amazigh.
ircam.ma - école amazighe- Site web éducatif, apprendre tifinagh.

Tisaɣulin

↑ Interview met Karl-G. Prasse. Archived.
↑ Penchoen, Thomas G. (1973). Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena Publications.
↑ Ameur, M., & Iazzi, E. (2006). Graphie et orthographe de l'amazighe. Rabat: Institut royal de la culture amazighe, Centre de l'aménagement linguistique.
↑ Penchoen (1973:3)
↑ O’Connor, Michael (1996). "The Berber scripts". In William Bright; Peter Daniels (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–116.
↑ D. Vance Smith. "Africa's ancient scripts counter European ideas of literacy". Aeon. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
↑ M.C.A. MacDonald (2005). Elizabeth A. Slater, C.B. Mee and Piotr Bienkowski (ed.). Writing and Ancient Near East Society: Essays in Honor of Alan Millard. T.& T.Clark Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 9780567026910.
↑ Suleiman, Yasir (1996). Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Psychology Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-7007-0410-1.
↑ Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, p. 129
↑ Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, p. 129
↑ "Berber". Ancient Scripts. Archived from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
↑ Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.
"Polices et Claviers Unicode" (s tutlayt ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ). IRCAM. Ittwarcifa zɣ aẓuṛan ɣ 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
P. Andries, Proposition d'ajout de l'écriture tifinaghe. Organisation internationale de normalisation, Jeu universel des caractères codés sur octets (JUC). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 WG, vol.2, p.2739R, 2004.

[mwCZA] Interview met Karl-G. Prasse. Archived.

[mwCZc] Penchoen, Thomas G. (1973). Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena Publications.

[mwCZ0] Ameur, M., & Iazzi, E. (2006). Graphie et orthographe de l'amazighe. Rabat: Institut royal de la culture amazighe, Centre de l'aménagement linguistique.

[mwCaM] Penchoen (1973:3)

[mwCag] O’Connor, Michael (1996). "The Berber scripts". In William Bright; Peter Daniels (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–116.

[mwCa4] D. Vance Smith. "Africa's ancient scripts counter European ideas of literacy". Aeon. Retrieved 2021-06-24.

[mwCbU] M.C.A. MacDonald (2005). Elizabeth A. Slater, C.B. Mee and Piotr Bienkowski (ed.). Writing and Ancient Near East Society: Essays in Honor of Alan Millard. T.& T.Clark Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 9780567026910.

[mwCb0] Suleiman, Yasir (1996). Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Psychology Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-7007-0410-1.

[mwCcU] Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, p. 129

[mwCco] Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, p. 129

[mwCc8] "Berber". Ancient Scripts. Archived from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2022-03-06.

[mwCdY] Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. doi:10.2307/2793877. JSTOR 2793877.

[mwCd4] "Polices et Claviers Unicode" (s tutlayt ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ). IRCAM. Ittwarcifa zɣ aẓuṛan ɣ 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

[mwCeo] P. Andries, Proposition d'ajout de l'écriture tifinaghe. Organisation internationale de normalisation, Jeu universel des caractères codés sur octets (JUC). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 WG, vol.2, p.2739R, 2004.

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