ãããŒãã¯èŠãïŒããåç·šïŒããŒãããã»ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããããåç¥ã§ããïŒ
å¿ã¯ïŒºäžä»£ïŒ 身äœã¯éæŠéããæåäººïŒ ïŒºäžä»£å¿æŽå£ã®ããŒãã§ãâ
å ã é±ã®ãããŒãã¯èŠãã·ãªãŒãºãã¯ãæ°ããè³æ¬äž»çŸ©å®çŸäŒè°ããããŒãã«ããæçš¿ã§ããã
ããã§å°ãè§Šãããäžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ããä»é±ã®ããŒãã§ãã
ãã®æ³åŸã«æãä»ããã¹ãã ãšäž»åŒµããŠããããŒãããã»ã¢ããã³ãœã³ãããä»åã¯åãäžããŸãããã¡ãã£ãšå€ããçš®ã®å·»ã§ãã
ããŒãã¯ããããŸã§æ¥æ¬ã®çµŠæã30幎éäžãããªãç¶æ³ã«é¥ã£ãã®ã¯ãæŠåŸåŸ©èã®æåäœéšïŒå±äººåã»éšåæé©ã»é·æéåŽåã®3çš®ã®ç¥åšïŒãæã€æå人çµå¶è ãã人ãå®ãéããç«¶äºã«çµå§ããŠããããã ããšããåæãããŠèšäºã«ããŠããŸããã
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã®åç»ãèšäºãèŠãŠã¿ããšãããå ±æã§ãã䞻匵ããããŠããŸããç¹ã«ããã®æ³åŸãããéãæ¥æ¬ã®åŸ©æŽ»ã¯ãªãããšèšãåã£ãŠãããäžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ãã«å¯Ÿããå³ããèŠè§£ã«ã¯æãæãåŸããã§ãã
ä»åã¯ãã¢ããã³ãœã³ã®äž»åŒµãèŠãŠãããŸãããâ
â ãŸãã¯ãã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã®äž»åŒµãèããâ
ããã¯æšå¹Žã®ç·éžæåã«æŸéããããã®ã§ãã
ããŒãã¯ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã®ãããªãæ¥æ¬å€§å¥œãæãã®å€åœã®æ¹ã®è©±ã«è³ãåŸããŠã確ãã«æ¥æ¬ã®ãããå€ããŠããã°ããããããšèãã人ãå¢ããŠã»ãããªãšæã£ãŠããŸãã
ã ãã©æ¢åŸæš©çè ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã®ãããªäººã¯è¿·æåäžã§ããããâ
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ãããæç°ãããã²ãããããã圌ãã«å ±éããã®ã¯äºå®ãããŒã¿ããã²ãè§£ããŠäŒããŠãããããšã§ãããã®æã«æ£ææ§ãé€å€ããŠè§£èª¬ããŠãããç¹ãé åã§ãã

äžèšã¯ãæäœè³éããã以äžäžãããäžå°äŒæ¥ãã€ã¶ããŠããŸãããšããæã«äœ¿ãããããŒã¿ã§ãã
確ãã«åŽååé çã80%ã«ããªãäžå°äŒæ¥ããå¯åããã ããšãªãããšã«äœ¿ãããŸãããããŠãå€§äŒæ¥ãããããããšå€§äŒæ¥ãç®ã®æµã«ããŠå€§äŒæ¥ãè³äžããããšããææã«äœ¿ãããŸãã
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã¯ãå€§äŒæ¥ã®åœ¹å¡å ±é ¬ã¯2%ããããªã®ã«å¯ŸããŠ80%ã®åŽååé çãšãã£ãŠãååã¯åœ¹å¡å ±é ¬ãšããŠäžéšã®åæã«åé ãããŠããã ãã§äžè¬åŽåè ã«åé ãããŠããèš³ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããããšè§£èª¬ããŠãããŸãã
â ã©ãããŠäžå°äŒæ¥ã«ã¯èŠèšãåããªãã®ãïŒ
åç»ã30å匱ããã®ã§æéããªãæ¹ã¯ããŒãã®è§£èª¬ãèªãã§ãã ããã
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã¯ããªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ïŒäžå°äŒæ¥æ¹é©ã¯ïŒã»ãšãã©èªãããŠããŸããã§ããããèåããªã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšå¿é ããŠããŸãã»ã©ãäžå°äŒæ¥ãã®ãã®ã«èŠèšãåããè«èª¿ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãã
äžå°äŒæ¥ã¯ãè¯ã人ãå€§äŒæ¥ã¯ãæªã人ãã©ãããŠãããªé¢šã«ã¿ããªãæãããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããããïŒ
æ¥æ¬ã¯å€§äŒæ¥ã§åã人ãåŽå人å£å šäœã®12.9%ãã€ãŸã87.1%ãäžå°äŒæ¥ã§åã人ãªèš³ã§å§åçãªå€§ç¥šç°ã¯äžå°äŒæ¥ãªã®ã§ãã
ãã¬ããã©ãã§ãéžæã®åŸæŽäŒé·ããã¯ãäžå°äŒæ¥ã®ç€Ÿé·ãšçžå Žã決ãŸã£ãŠããããã«ãäžå°äŒæ¥ãªãŒããŒãã¡ã®ãæ©å«äŒºãæ¿çãã仿¥ã®æ¥æ¬ãäœã£ãŠããã®ã§ãã
ç±³åœã¯49.8%ãå€§äŒæ¥ã§åãã50.2%ãäžå°äŒæ¥ã§åããŠããŸãã
åŸæ¥å¡20åæªæºã®å°èŠæš¡äŒæ¥ã§åã人ã¯ãç±³åœ11.1%ã«å¯ŸããŠæ¥æ¬ã¯20.5%ã§ãã
ã©ãããŠãããªã«å·®ãã€ããŠããã®ã§ããããïŒ
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã¯ãäžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ãã«åé¡ããããšææããŠããŸãã
â äžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ãèãæ¥æ¬ã®ç«¶äºåâ
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã¯ã次ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãã
äžè¬çã«ã¯ããæ¥æ¬äººã¯ãã®ã¥ããã«åããŠããããè£œé æ¥ã¯çç£æ§ãé«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ãµãŒãã¹æ¥ã¯æåŸã床å€èŠããâãããŠãªãã®æåâãããã®ã§çç£æ§ãäœãããšãããããªåœæ°æ§ããããã£ããããŸãããããã¯äœã®ç§åŠçæ ¹æ ããªãæã蟌ã¿ã§ããããããèªåãã¡ãçæ³ãšããåœæ°æ§ãæåãããŒã¹ã«ããè§£éãšããæå³ã§ã¯ãåŠæ³ããšèšã£ãŠããããããããŸããã
1964å¹Žãæ¥æ¬ã¯æåã®æ±äº¬ãªãªã³ããã¯ãéå¬ããŠäžçã«æŠåŸåŸ©èãã¢ããŒã«ããŸããããããŠãã®å¹Žãæ¥æ¬ã¯OECDïŒçµæžååéçºæ©æ§ïŒã«å çããŠãå é²åœãžã®ä»²éå ¥ãã®è³æ ŒãåŸãŸããã
äžæ¹ã§ãOECDãžã®å çã¯ãè³æ¬ã®èªç±åãã®è åšã§ããããåœæã®æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãè³æ¬ãèªç±åãããã°å€è³ã«ä¹ã£åããããããããªããšããè åšè«ãå±ããããè·éè¹å£æ¹åŒãªã©ãå°ããªäŒæ¥ããå®ãã·ã¹ãã ãç¶ã ãšæŽåããããšã¢ããã³ãœã³ããã¯è§£èª¬ããŠãããŠããŸãã
ãã®è±¡åŸŽã1963幎ã«å¶å®ãããäžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ã§ãã
åæ³ã¯åœæããäžå°äŒæ¥ææžæ³ããšãèšãããã»ã©ãå°ããäŒæ¥ã«æåãåªéçã瀺ãããã®ã§ããåæã«ãã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãäŒæ¥ãçµã蟌ããããè£œé æ¥ã¯300äººæªæºãå°å£²æ¥ã¯50äººæªæºãšã¯ãããŠãäžå°äŒæ¥ããå®çŸ©ããŸããããããããããé广ãšãªã£ãŠããŸããŸããåªéæªçœ®ãç®åœãŠã«ã50äººæªæºã®äŒæ¥ãççºçã«å¢ããŠããŸã£ãã®ã§ãã
äžã«ã¯ãäŒæ¥èŠæš¡ãæ¡å€§ã§ããã«ãããããããåªéæªçœ®ãåãç¶ããããšããããšã§ã50äººæªæºã®ã©ã€ã³ãæå³çã«è¶ ããªãäžå°äŒæ¥ãŸã§çŸããŠããŸã£ãã®ã§ããéå¹çãªäŒæ¥ãççºçã«å¢ãããªããã€æé·ããªãã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ããŸã§äžããŠããŸããŸããã
äžå°äŒæ¥ãå¿æŽããŠæ¥æ¬çµæžãå æ°ã«ããããšãã粟ç¥ããã€ããããæ³åŸããåªéã«çãããããäžå°äŒæ¥ã®å£ããç¯ãããä»ã®å é²åœãšæ¯ã¹ãŠå°ããªäŒæ¥ã§åãåŽåè ã®æ¯çãå€ãããšããéå¹çãªç£æ¥æ§é ãçã¿åºããŠããŸã£ããšããããªããšãç®èãªè©±ãªã®ã§ãã
ããã§ã1980幎代ãŸã§ã¯äººå£ãå¢å ãç¶ãããããçµæžãæé·ãç¶ããŸãããããã1990幎代ã«å ¥ãã人å£å¢å ãæ¢ãŸããšããã®çç£æ§ã®äœãéå¹çãªç£æ¥æ§é ã®åé¡ãäžæ°ã«è¡šé¢åããŠããŸããã
ã¡ãªã¿ã«ãæ¥æ¬ã®çç£æ§ãè°è«ããéã«å¿ ãåºãŠããã®ããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯è£œé æ¥ã®çç£æ§ãé«ãããµãŒãã¹æ¥ã®çç£æ§ãäœããšããäºå®ã§ãããã®çŸç¶ã説æããããã«ããèšãããã®ããæ¥æ¬äººã¯ãã®ã¥ããã«åããŠãããããµãŒãã¹ç£æ¥ã®çç£æ§ãäœãã®ã¯ããããŠãªããã®ç²Ÿç¥ãããããã ããšããâç¥è©±âã®ãããªè©±ã§ãããå®ã¯ãããéå¹çãªç£æ¥æ§é ã§ãã¹ãŠèª¬æãã§ããŸããããããŸããåã«äžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ã®åœ±é¿ãªã®ã§ãã
ãã®æ³åŸã§ãäžå°äŒæ¥ãè£œé æ¥ã§ã¯300äººæªæºããã®ä»ã¯50äººæªæºãšå®çŸ©ãããŠä»¥éãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ããã«æ²¿ããããªåœ¢ã§äŒæ¥æ°ãå¢ããŠãããŸããããã®åœ±é¿ããã£ãŠãè£œé æ¥ã¯ã©ãããŠãä»ã®æ¥çš®ãããèŠæš¡ã倧ãããªããŸããã
èŠæš¡ã倧ãããã°çç£æ§ãé«ããªããšããã®ã¯ãå ã»ã©ãç³ãäžããçµæžåŠã®éåã®ãšããã§ããäžæ¹ãæ¥æ¬ã®ãµãŒãã¹æ¥ã¯å§åçã«èŠæš¡ã®å°ããªäºæ¥è ãå€ãä¹±ç«ããŠãããšããäºå®ãããã®ã§ãåœç¶ãçç£æ§ã¯é¡èã«äœããªããšããããã§ãã
ã¢ããã³ãœã³ãããçããšãããçªããŠããŸãããâ
ãäžå°äŒæ¥åºæ¬æ³ãã®æ¹é©ãªããŠæ¿æ²»å®¶ã¯ã祚ãã倱ãããšã¯ãã£ãŠãã祚ãã«ã¯ã€ãªãããªããšèããããæ¿æ²»å®¶ã ãã§ãªãå®åãäžå°äŒæ¥ç¥è©±ã厩ããªãã®ã§ãçµ¶æçãªæ°ãããŸãããåŸç·šã§æããæ¢ããŠã¿ãŸãããã
æåŸãŸã§èªãã§ããã ããããããšãããããŸããã
ããããã£ãããã¹ããð€ãããã³ããé¡ãããŸãðð
ã³ã¡ã³ããªããããã ããããé£ã³äžãã£ãŠåãããããŸãðð

âŒä»€å5幎ããäŒæ¥ã®éšæŽ»åãåŠæ ¡ããå°åã«ç§»è¡ãããŸãð
âŒïŒºäžä»£å¿æŽå£ã®ããŒãããããããé¡ãããŸãã
