Aztec

Aztecs (/ˈæztɛks/ AZ-teks) ek Mesoamerican civilization ke rahin jon central Mexico me 1300 se 1521 talak rahin. Aztec log me dher ethnic groups of central Mexico rahin, khaas kar ke uulog jon Nahuatl bhasa me baat karat rahin. Aztec sanskriti city-states (altepetl) me organised rahaa, jisme se kuchh mil ke alliances , political confederations, nai to empires banae rahin. Aztec Empire, tiin city-states ke ek confederation rahaa, jiske 1427 me banaawa gais rahaa: Tenochtitlan (Mexica ke capital), Tetzcoco, aur Tlacopan. Jab "Aztecs" sabd^[1] ke jaada kar ke khaali Mexica of Tenochtitlan ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae, iske mota taur pe Nahua log central Mexico in the pre-Hispanic era ke,^[2] aur Spanish colonial era (1521–1821).^[3]

Central Mexico ke jaada ethnic groups, post-classic period ke, ek duusre se Mesoamerica ke traits ke share karat rahin.^[4] Central Mexico ke sanskriti me makai ke kheti, social division nobility (pipiltin) aur commoners (macehualtin) ke biich me, ek pantheon, aur calendric system.^[5] Mexica Valley of Mexico me baad me aae rahin, aur city-state Tenochtitlan ke unpromising islet ke uppar Lake Texcoco me banae rahin, aur ii log baad me Aztec Triple Alliance nai to Aztec Empire banae rahin jon Mesoamerica bhar me duusra city-states ke conquer kar le rahin , ke sab se taagatwar hissa ban gay rahin. Ii 1427 me suruu bhais rahaa city-states Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, aur Tlacopan ke biich ke ek alliance ke ruup me, jon maangat rahin Tepanec state of Azcapotzalco, jon pahile ii valley ke dominate karat rahin, ke appan niche kare.

Bahut din nai lagaa ki Texcoco aur Tlacopan ke junior partnership ii alliance me kar dewa gais rahaa, aur Tenochtitlan dominant power rahaa. Ii empire aapan taagat barrhais rahaa rahaa trade aur military conquest se. Ii kabhi ek sacchaa territorial empire controlling territory by military garrisons nai rahaa, lekin ii dominated client city-states friendly rulers ke install kar ke, marriage alliances between the ruling dynasties banae rahin, aur ek imperial ideology ke failae rahin.^[6] Client city-states taxes bhare rahin, tribute nai^[7] Aztec emperor ke, Huey Tlatoani, jon ek economic strategy rahaa jisme communication aur trade between outlying polities ke limit karaa jaawat rahaa, jiske kaaran uulog imperial center pe luxury goods ke khaatir nirbhar rahin.^[8]

Ii empire sab se barraa 1519 me rahaa, Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés ke aae se pahile. Cortés, city-states jon Mexica ke virodhi rahin, se allied hoe gais. 13 August 1521me, fall of Tenochtitlan ke baad, aur emperor Cuauhtémoc ke capture ke baad, Spanish Mexico City ke Tenochtitlan ke ruins me banae rahin aur colonization of the Americas ke Spanish Empire me kar diye rahin.^[9] 1521 me, Aztec Empire ke superstructure ke barbaadi ke baad, Spanish city-states ke kaam me laae ke indigenous populations pe raaj karat rahin, local nobles ke kaam me laae ke. Nobles intermediaries ke kaam karat rahin, taxes batore ke khaatir aur labor ke mobilise kare ke khaatir, jisse Spanish rule establish hoe gais rahaa.^[10]

Aztec sanskriti aur itihaass ke jaada kar ke archaeological sabuut jiske found excavations me paawa gais hae, jaise Templo Mayor Mexico City me; Indigenous writings se, eyewitness accounts jiske baare me Spanish conquistadors likhin hae; aur 16th- aur 17th-century Aztec sanskriti aur itihaas ke description jiske Spanish clergymen aur Aztecs likhe rahin, jaise illustrated, bilingual (Spanish aur Nahuatl), Florentine Codex jiske Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún banais rahaa Aztec informants ke kaam me laae ke, se jaana jaawe hae. Post-conquest Nahuas ke ek jaruri kaam rahaa indigenous scribes to write alphabetic texts in Nahuatl ke likhe khaatir, khaas kar ke local purposes ke khaatir, Spanish rule ke niche. Aapan chotii pe, Aztec culture ke rich philosophical, mythological, aur religious traditions rahaa, aur iske saathe, ek remarkable architectural aur artistic accomplishments.

Definitions

Nahuatl sabd aztēcatl (nah, singular)^[11] aur aztēcah (nah, plural)^[11] ke matlab hae "log Aztlán se",^[12] ek mythical jagha jahan se dher ethnic groups central Mexico me aae rahin. Ii sabd ke ek endonym ke rakam Aztecs nai kaam me laawat rahin, lekin iske dher migration accounts of Mexica me paawa jaae hae, jahaan pe ii describe kare hae dher tribes jon Aztlan ke ek saathe chhorre rahin. Ii safar ke ek khissa me, Aztlan, Huitzilopochtli se, tutelary deity Mexica tribe ke, aapan chela log ke aapan safar ke baare me batae hae ki "ab tummar naam Azteca nai hae, ab tum Mexitin [Mexica] hae".^[13]

Aak-kal ke usage me, sabd "Aztec" khaali Mexicalog Tenochtitlan (jahan pe abhi Mexico City hae), ek island Lake Texcoco me, ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae jon apne ke Mēxihcah (nah, ek tribal designation jisme Tlatelolco), Tenochcah (nah, jon Mexica of Tenochtitlan ke refer kare hae, Tlatelolco ke chhorr ke) nai to Cōlhuah (nah, jon uulog ke royal genealogy ke refer kare hae tying them to Culhuacan) rahin.^[14]^[15]^{[nb 1]}^[16]

Kabhi-kabhi ii sabd me Tenochtitlan ke dui khaas allied city-states ke log bhi hae, Acolhua Texcoco ke aur Tepanecs Tlacopan ke, jon Mexica ke saathe Triple Alliance banae rahin, ek state jon Valley of Mexico pe control collective rakhis rahaa jiske "Aztec Empire" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Sabd "Aztec" ke kaam me laana ii empire aur iske log ke describe kare ke khatir ke Robert H. Barlow ninda karis hae, jon sabd "Culhua-Mexica" ke prefer karat rahaa jon empire ke log ke reference karat rahaa,^[14]^[17] aur Pedro Carrasco, jon sabd "Tenochca Empire" ke prefer karat rahaa jon uulog ke state ke refer karat rahaa^[18] Carrasco "Aztec" sabd ke baare me likhis hae ki "ii ethnic complexity of ancient Mexico ke khaatir koi kaam ke nai hae and for identifying the dominant element in the political entity we are studying".^[18]

References

↑ "Why are Aztecs called Mexicas?". mexicanroutes.com. 4 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
↑ e.g.(Offner 1983)
↑ (Gibson 1964)
↑ (Smith 1997, pp. 4–7)
↑ Lucia, Kristin De (2018). "Style, Memory, and the Production of History: Aztec Pottery and the Materialization of a Toltec Legacy" (in en). Current Anthropology 59 (6): 741–764. doi:10.1086/700916. ISSN 0011-3204. http://iu.tind.io/record/918/files/2795_Style-Memory-and-the-Production.pdf.
↑ (Smith 1997, pp. 174–175)
↑ Smith, Michael E. (2014). "The Aztecs Paid Taxes, Not Tribute". Mexicon 36 (1): 19–22. ISSN 0720-5988.
↑ (Smith 1997, pp. 176–182)
↑ "Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztec Empire". History (in English). 2025-09-22. Retrieved 2025-09-22.
↑ (Cline 2000, pp. 193–197)
1 2 "Náhuatl: AR-Z". Vocabulario.com.mx. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
↑ "Aztec". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
↑ Chimalpahin 1997, p. 73.
1 2 Barlow 1949.
↑ León-Portilla 2000.
↑ (Lockhart 1992, p. 1) writes "These people I call the Nahuas, a name they sometimes used themselves and the one that has become current today in Mexico, in preference to Aztecs. The latter term has several decisive disadvantages: it implies a quasi-national unity that did not exist, it directs attention to an ephemeral imperial agglomeration, it is attached specifically to the pre-conquest period, and by the standards of the time, its use for anyone other than the Mexica (the inhabitants of the imperial capital, Tenochtitlan) would have been improper even if it had been the Mexica's primary designation, which it was not"
↑ Barlow 1945.
1 2 Carrasco 1999, p. 4.

↑ (Smith 1997, p. 4) writes "For many the term 'Aztec' refers strictly to the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan (the Mexica people), or perhaps the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, the highland basin where the Mexica and certain other Aztec groups lived. I believe it makes more sense to expand the definition of "Aztec" to include the peoples of nearby highland valleys in addition to the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico. In the final few centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519, the peoples of this wider area all spoke the Nahuatl language (the language of the Aztecs), and they all traced their origins to a mythical place called Aztlan (Aztlan is the etymon of "Aztec," a modern label that was not used by the Aztecs themselves)"

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[Aztecs_or_Mixicas-1] "Why are Aztecs called Mexicas?". mexicanroutes.com. 4 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-04.

[2] .g.(Offner 1983)

[3] (Gibson 1964)

[auto-4] (Smith 1997, pp. 4–7)

[5] Lucia, Kristin De (2018). "Style, Memory, and the Production of History: Aztec Pottery and the Materialization of a Toltec Legacy" (in en). Current Anthropology 59 (6): 741–764. doi:10.1086/700916. ISSN 0011-3204. http://iu.tind.io/record/918/files/2795_Style-Memory-and-the-Production.pdf.

[6] (Smith 1997, pp. 174–175)

[7] Smith, Michael E. (2014). "The Aztecs Paid Taxes, Not Tribute". Mexicon 36 (1): 19–22. ISSN 0720-5988.

[8] (Smith 1997, pp. 176–182)

[9] "Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztec Empire". History (in English). 2025-09-22. Retrieved 2025-09-22.

[10] (Cline 2000, pp. 193–197)

[mx-11] 1 2 "Náhuatl: AR-Z". Vocabulario.com.mx. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.

[Aztec-12] "Aztec". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.

[FOOTNOTEChimalpahin199773-13] Chimalpahin 1997, p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEBarlow1949-14] 1 2 Barlow 1949.

[FOOTNOTELeón-Portilla2000-15] León-Portilla 2000.

[17] (Lockhart 1992, p. 1) writes "These people I call the Nahuas, a name they sometimes used themselves and the one that has become current today in Mexico, in preference to Aztecs. The latter term has several decisive disadvantages: it implies a quasi-national unity that did not exist, it directs attention to an ephemeral imperial agglomeration, it is attached specifically to the pre-conquest period, and by the standards of the time, its use for anyone other than the Mexica (the inhabitants of the imperial capital, Tenochtitlan) would have been improper even if it had been the Mexica's primary designation, which it was not"

[FOOTNOTEBarlow1945-18] Barlow 1945.

[FOOTNOTECarrasco19994-19] 1 2 Carrasco 1999, p. 4.

[16] (Smith 1997, p. 4) writes "For many the term 'Aztec' refers strictly to the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan (the Mexica people), or perhaps the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, the highland basin where the Mexica and certain other Aztec groups lived. I believe it makes more sense to expand the definition of "Aztec" to include the peoples of nearby highland valleys in addition to the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico. In the final few centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519, the peoples of this wider area all spoke the Nahuatl language (the language of the Aztecs), and they all traced their origins to a mythical place called Aztlan (Aztlan is the etymon of "Aztec," a modern label that was not used by the Aztecs themselves)"

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