ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืชืงืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื–ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™.

ืชึดึผืงึตึผืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ โ€“ ืคื•ืขืœ
ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœืืชื™ืงืŸ
ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ื’ื–ืจื”ืชึพืงึพืŸ
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸืคึดึผืขึตืœ
  1. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆืจ, ืขืจื™ืš ื•ืกื™ื“ืจ. ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
    • โ€ื•ึฐื™ึนืชึตืจ ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ึธื” ืงึนื”ึถืœึถืช ื—ึธื›ึธื, ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึดืžึทึผื“-ื“ึทึผืขึทืช ืึถืช-ื”ึธืขึธื; ื•ึฐืึดื–ึตึผืŸ ื•ึฐื—ึดืงึตึผืจ, ืชึดึผืงึตึผืŸ ืžึฐืฉึธืืœึดื™ื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึตึผื”.โ€œ (ืงื”ืœืช ื™ื‘, ืคืกื•ืง ื˜)
    • โ€ืžืฉื” ืชืงืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืจื“ ืœื”ื ืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€œ (ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช โ€“ ื“ืฃ ืžื—, ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘)
    • "ืœืžื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืžืชืงืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ืœืขืฆืžื•" (ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจ"ื  ืคื›"ื—)
  2. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืคื’ื.
    • โ€ืจึฐืึตื” ืึถืช-ืžึทืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื; ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึดื™ ื™ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึฐืชึทืงึตึผืŸ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึดื•ึฐึผืชื•ึน?โ€œ (ืงื”ืœืช ื–, ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื’)
    • โ€ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืœืงืœื™ืŸ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงืœืงืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื›ืžืชืงืŸโ€œ (ืžืฉื ื”, ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืคืจืง ื™ื’, ืžืฉื ื” ื’)
    • ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืง ื‘ืืฉืคื”, ื•ืชื™ืงื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
  3. ืขืกืง ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉืžื” ืื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
    • ืข"ืค ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžืงืœื•ืช, ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  4. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืกื™ื™ื’. ื’ื ืชืงื ื”

ื’ื™ื–ืจื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ; ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืง/ื› ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืชึดึผื›ึถึผืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš.
  • ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœ: โ€ืžึฐืขึปื•ึธึผืช ืœึนืึพื™ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึดืชึฐืงึนืŸ; ื•ึฐื—ึถืกึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึนืึพื™ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึฐื”ึดืžึธึผื ื•ึนืช.โ€œ (ืงื”ืœืช ื, ืคืกื•ืง ื˜ื•)
  • ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃูŽุชู’ู‚ูŽู†ูŽ (ืึทืชึฐืงึทืŸึท) ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช "ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืžื•ืช" .

ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืจื’ื•ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: fixโ€, mendโ€, repair

ืชึถึผืงึถืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™
ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœืืชืงืŸ
ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”*teken
ื—ืœืง ื“ื™ื‘ืจืฉืึพืขืฆื
ืžื™ืŸื–ื›ืจ
ืฉื•ืจืฉืชึพืงึพืŸ
ื“ืจืš ืชืฆื•ืจื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืงึถื˜ึถืœ
ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชืจืณย ืชึฐึผืงึธื ึดื™ื; ืชึถึผืงึถืŸึพ, ืจืณย ืชึดึผืงึฐื ึตื™ึพ
  1. ืžืคืจื˜ ืื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื (ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืดื‘).
    • ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื“ื’ื™ื. ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
      ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืชืžืฆืื• ื›ืืŸ.
  2. (ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื”): ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“.
    • ื—ืกืจื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืจื’ื•ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: standardโ€โ€โ€โ€

ืจืื• ื’ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: ืชืงืŸ
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ: ืชืงื ื™ื