ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืžืคืœ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื–ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™.

ืžึทืคึธึผืœ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™
ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœืืžืคืœ
ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”*mapal
ื—ืœืง ื“ื™ื‘ืจืฉืึพืขืฆื
ืžื™ืŸื–ื›ืจ
ืฉื•ืจืฉื ึพืคึพืœ
ื“ืจืš ืชืฆื•ืจื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืžึทืงึฐื˜ึธืœ, ื’ื–ืจืช ื—ืค"ื 
ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชืจืณย ืžึทืคึธึผืœึดื™ื; ืžึทืคึทึผืœึพ, ืจืณย ืžึทืคึฐึผืœึตื™ึพ
  1. ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžืคืœ ืžื™ื". ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ื ืš (ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืื•ื ืš) ืžืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
    • โ€ื”ึทืžึทึผืคึธึผืœึดื™ื ื”ึทืžึทึผืงึฐืฆึดื™ืคึดื™ื, / ื”ึธืขึฒื ึธืคึดื™ื ื”ึทื ึดึผืฉึฐืื˜ึธืคึดื™ื, / ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืฆึฐืคึดื™ื โ€“ / ื”ึตื ืกื•ึนื—ึฒืคึดื™ื, ื”ึตื ืกื•ึนื—ึฒืคึดื™ื.โ€œ (ืงึทืจึฐื ึธื‘ึธืœ ื‘ึทึผื ึทึผื—ึท"ืœ, ืžืืช ืœืื” ื ืื•ืจ)
  2. ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืคืœ, ืื• ืฉืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
  3. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ.
    • ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืคืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”.
    • "ื“ึฐึผื‘ึดื™ืจึดื™ ืžึฐืขึดื™ ืžึทืคึธึผืœ" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“, ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื“ื‘ ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื›"ื• ืขืžื•ื“ 36)

ื’ื™ื–ืจื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช (1): ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžืคืœ ืžื™ื" ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืจื’ื•ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจ' ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžืคืœ" ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1815, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช:ืคืœ {ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜|ืชื•ื›ืŸ=ื”ื’ืจืช ืžื™ ื ื”ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื ืžื•ืš, ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืฉืง (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœื’ ื“) (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™' ืจืฉืดื™ ืฉื) ืžืฉืจืฉ ืฉืงืง ืฉืขื ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื”, ื•ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื™ื›ื ื” (ื•ื•ืืกืกืขืจ ืคืืœืœ), ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื ืคื™ืœื”, ืžืคืขืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ (ืคืืœืœืขืŸ). ื”ื ืš ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืดืค ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืชืคืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžืข, ื•ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจ ืขืดืค ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืชืคืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ืจื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžึทืคึทึผืœ ืžึทื™ึดื ืขืดืฉ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื” ืขืดืค ืžืฉื™ื’ ืื—ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืช|ืžืงื•ืจ=ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” / ืจ' ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ื™ื–ื•ืŸ|ืžืจื›ืื•ืช=ื›ืŸ}}.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: ืžืคืœ ืžื™ื
ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื ืคืœ

ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื ึพืคึพืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื—ืค"ื .

ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื ึพืคึพืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื”/ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ
ืงึทืœ ื ึธืคึทืœ ื ื•ึนืคึตืœ

(ื‘ืณย ืคืขื•ึผืœ:ย ื ึธืคื•ึผืœ)

ื™ึดืคึนึผืœ ืคึนึผืœ ืœึดื ึฐืคึนึผืœ ืื• ืœึดืคึนึผืœ
ื ึดืคึฐืขึทืœ ื ึดืคึทึผืœ ื ึดืคึธึผืœ ื™ึดื ึธึผืคึตืœ ื”ึดื ึธึผืคึตืœ ืœึฐื”ึดื ึธึผืคึตืœ
ื”ึดืคึฐืขึดื™ืœ ื”ึดืคึดึผื™ืœ ืžึทืคึดึผื™ืœ ื™ึทืคึดึผื™ืœ ื”ึทืคึตึผืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืคึดึผื™ืœ
ื”ึปืคึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึปืคึทึผืœ ืžึปืคึธึผืœ ื™ึปืคึทึผืœ -ืื™ืŸ- -ืื™ืŸ-
ืคึดึผืขึตืœ
ืคึปึผืขึทืœ -ืื™ืŸ- -ืื™ืŸ-
ื”ึดืชึฐืคึทึผืขึตืœ ื”ึดืชึฐื ึทืคึตึผืœ ืžึดืชึฐื ึทืคึตึผืœ ื™ึดืชึฐื ึทืคึตึผืœ ื”ึดืชึฐื ึทืคึตึผืœ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื ึทืคึตึผืœ

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“

[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • "ื’ื–ืจืช ืค"ื : ื”ื‘ืœืขืช ื”ื ื•"ืŸ ืื• ืงื™ื•ืžื”", ืืชืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”-