ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ

ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืžื“ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•.

ืœืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ "ืืงื“ื— ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื" - ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœื• ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืชื’ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืงื•ื‘ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืชื’ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.

ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ[1]. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื ื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืฆืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจื”[2]. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2011 ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืจืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื[3].

ืชื’ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืงื•ื“. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื’ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืฉื ื‘ืงื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.

ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™ ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›-20-25 ืกื ื˜ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื› 8-9.6% ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืขืœื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื’ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ[2].

ืกืขื™ืฃ 17ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ[4] ืงื•ื‘ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ:

(ื) ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืžืฆื™ืข, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื–ืชื ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ.
(ื‘) ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ (ื) ืชื”ื™ื” -
(1) ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœื™;
(2) ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืื•ืช.
(ื’) ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื (ื) ื•-(ื‘) ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ืœืจืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื, ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”.
(ื“) ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ืืฃ ืื ืžื—ื™ืจื ื‘ืงื•ืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืข"ืž, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœ ืชื’ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื ื’ืจืžืช ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื—ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื[5].

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืืœืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ" ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืงื‘ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข. ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง: "ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื”"[6]. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ", ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฆื”"ืœ[7].

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืžื—ืงืจ: ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก, 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008
  2. 1 2 Mark Bergen, Daniel Levy, et al., When Little Things Mean a Lot: On the. Inefficiency of Item-Pricing Laws, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 51, May 2008, pages 209-249
  3. โ†‘ Change to item pricing law will help consumers save, make businesses more competitive, March 29, 2011, Michigain's Official Web Site
  4. โ†‘ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื-1981, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืž"ืช
  5. โ†‘ ื™ืขืœ ืื•ื ื’ืจ, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ืœื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2000
  6. โ†‘ ืื˜ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืžืคืœื‘ื™, ื”ืฉืจ ื‘ืจืง: ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 18 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011
  7. โ†‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืจโ€, ื›ืš ืคื™ืฆื—ื• "ืฉื™ื™ืงื”" ื•"ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ" ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืืœื”, 6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014