ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืจืฉืช ื‘'

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืจืฉืช ื‘'
ืกืžืœ ืจืฉืช ื‘'
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืกื•ื’ ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืžืœื›ืชื™
ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช 3 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1961 โ€“ 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 2017 (56 ืฉื ื™ื)
ืชื•ื›ืŸ
ืฉืคื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆื”
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ื’ื‘
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 95.0FM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 95.5FM,95.0FM.95.2FM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืฆืจืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื”
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 95.2FM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฆืคืช, ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื”
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 95.5FM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ืื™ืœืช
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 94.5FM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 882.0AM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 1206.0AM
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–
ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจ 657.0AM
www.iba.org.il/bet/
ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
ืกืžืœื™ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื”
ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืจืฉืช ื‘' ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2016
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ "ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื" ื‘ืจื•ืžืžื”, ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2016

ืจืฉืช ื‘' (ื›ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื "ื’ืœ ื‘'" ืื• "ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงืœ") ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”. ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 2017 ื‘ืฉื ื›ืืŸ ื‘'.

ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘'" ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1952[1], ื›ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืคื™ืง ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื ืคืจื“ ืžืืคื™ืง ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืื–, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื'"[2][3][4]. ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉืœ "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘'", ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื[5], ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืž"ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื'"[6].

ื’ืœ ื‘' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื 40 ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš 15 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกื•ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœ ื‘' ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-3 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1960[7]. ื’ืœ ื‘' ื ืงืจื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื’ื "ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงืœ" ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจ, ืœืฆื“ ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื– ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” "ืงืœื”", ื‘ืขื•ื“ "ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื ืชืคืก ื›ืชื—ื ื” "ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช" ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช[8]. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื "ืจืฉืช ื‘'" ื•"ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงืœ" ืœืืคื™ืง ื–ื”[9].

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื” ื›ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ[10], ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ "ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”"[11]. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื ื™ื” ืจื‘ืงื” ืžื™ื›ืืœื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื”ื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืจ, ื“ืœื™ื” ื”ืœืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช "ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฆืžืจืช", ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™) ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื”ืจืฉืช: "ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช", "ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจ" (ืขื ืžืฉื” ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ) ื•"ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื".

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงืœ ื“ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘"ื™, ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื[10].

ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืจืฉืช ื’' ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ืขื‘ืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘' ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืงื˜ื”.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘' ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ[12] ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืื™ 2017, ื‘ืฉืขื” 19:04. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ืชื—ื ื” ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืขื’ื•ืœื”.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืชื—ื ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘'. ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื: ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจืฉืช ื‘'; ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช, ืขื ืื•ืชื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื”; ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ื”; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ.

ื‘-1967 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข"[13].

ื‘ืืžืฆืข 1969 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื "ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื"[14].

ื‘-2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1972 ืฉื•ื“ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”"[15], ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื‘'[16].

ื‘-1983 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืจื’ืขื™ ืงืกื"[13].

ืž-1983 ื•ืขื“ 1989 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืจืฉืช"[13].

ื‘-1984 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื™"[13], ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืžื™ ืœืคื™ื“, ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.

ื‘-1986 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ "ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืช" ื‘ืชื—ื ื”[17], ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื‘-1989 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื"[13].

ื‘-1990 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ืกืฃ"[13].

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจืฉืช ื‘' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืขื’ื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ (ื”ืคื™ืคืกื™ื) ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016 ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืขื’ื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื“ืจ ืžื‘ื–ืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”", "ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื", "ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื", "ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื•"ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช".

ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, "ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”" (8-6 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ), ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื—ื™ืžืื™ืจ.

ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื" (10-8 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ) ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื ื•ื™ื‘ืš ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ื™ืงื• ืžื ืฉื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012 ืžื™ื ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ืœืžื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ืชื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ืจืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื•ื’. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื•ื ื” ื’ื ื“"ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงื™ื“ืจ ืœืžื’ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื ื•ื™ื‘ืš ืœื‘ื“ื”.

ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื (12-10 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ) ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื“ื™ ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื'-ื“'. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžื–ื ื•ืŸ" ืขื ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืžื ื™ื ืจื–ื™ ื‘ืจืงืื™, ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื“ืœื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจื™, ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื“ืงืœ, ืืกืชื™ ืคืจื–, ื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืงื™ื˜ืœ.

ืืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, "ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื", ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกืชื™ ืคืจื–.

ืžืฉื ืช 2009 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื'โ€“ื”' ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช "ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ", ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืช ื“ื•ืœื‘. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืจืขื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื”, ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ืจื›ื” ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘' ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2016, ืื– ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื”ื’ืฉื” ืžืชื—ืœืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืจื™ืก ืœื‘ื™ื.

ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืขืจื™ื", ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคืงื” ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืžื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ) ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืžืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืฉื“ืจ ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ), ืื‘ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ (ืคืจืฉืŸ), ืžืฉื” ืงืฉื˜ืŸ (ืจื›ื– ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”) ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื•ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœ, ืืœื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ื ื™ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื•ืื•ืคื™ืจื” ืืกื™ื™ื’. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘-1998 ืœืจื“ื™ื• ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืฉื "ืฉืขืจื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”", ืืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื“ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘' ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืœืฆ'ืจืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืฅ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื ื•ืกืคื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื' ื‘ืฉื "ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“" ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจืฉืช ื‘' ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1952
  2. โ†‘ ืคืจืœืžืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ "ืงื•ืœ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1952
  3. โ†‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ "ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”" ืฉืœ "ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1952
  4. โ†‘ ืž. ื‘ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘'"ย ?, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, 5 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1954
  5. โ†‘ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ:, ื—ืจื•ืช, 16 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1959
  6. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงืฉื™ื‘, ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ืจื•ืช, 24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1958
  7. โ†‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ-ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื - ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื—..., ื“ื‘ืจ, 18 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1960
  8. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช, ื“ื‘ืจ, 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1960
  9. โ†‘ ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžึพ1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ, 23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1962
  10. 1 2 ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืข, ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ืขื™ื ื ืคืœื ื”ื•ื, ื“ื‘ืจ, 19 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1969
  11. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื˜ื•ื›ืคืœื“, ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืœื ื’ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืืชืจ nrg
  12. โ†‘ ืืกืฃ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื‘', ื‘ืืชืจ nrgโ€, 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 2017
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ืจืฉืช ื‘', ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ืฉื™ื
  14. โ†‘ ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืข, ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื“ืจ ื”ืจืื“ื™ื• "ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื", ื“ื‘ืจ, 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1969
  15. โ†‘ "ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”" ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ, 2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1972
  16. โ†‘ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื—ื•"ืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ, 10 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1973
  17. โ†‘ ืชืœืžื” ืื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1986