ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืœื™ื“ื” 20 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1928
ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” (ื"ื™)
ืคื˜ื™ืจื” 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016 (ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 87)
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงื ื“ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฆืจืคืช
ืขื ืฃ ืžื“ืขื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช

ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ึธื‘ื™ืŸ (20 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1928 โ€“ 5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016) ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื, ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.

ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืžื™ืžื”-ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื ื“ื–'ืง.[1] ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1934โ€“1946 ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืคืœืž"ื— ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”) ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื“' ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1947 ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืฆื”ืดืœ, ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืœ. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžืงืœืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ 62 ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘. ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949 ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกื’ืดื.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืจื‘ืงื” ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงืจื™ืžืกืงื™, ืžืคืงื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.[2] ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืชืœืžื” ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžืขืฆื‘ืช, ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™, ื•ืขื•"ื“ ืื™ื™ืœืช ื™ืžื™ืžื” (ืžื™ืžื™) ืฆืžื—.[2]

ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016 ื ืคื˜ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื•ืื™-ืกืคื™ืงืช ืœื‘. ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืจืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ .

ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื’ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื‘ื ื”-ืฉืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1962-1960 ืฉื”ื” ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ - ืฉื•ืจืง. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืื™ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.

ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืงืืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1976.

ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื‘ื ื”-ืฉืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื–ื›ื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืขืžื™ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืœื—ืงืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื - ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืงื ื“ื”, ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.[3] ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื.[4]

  • "Academia and Peace โ€“ Thoughts and Struggles", 2010
  • "Doves and Hawks", 2012
  • "On Love and War", 2015
  • "The Rape of a Country", 2015
  • "The Old Man and His Intelligent Animals", 2015[5]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—
  2. 1 2 ืืœื” ืœื•ื™-ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื‘, โ€ืขื•"ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ืฆืžื—: "ืžืคื•ื˜ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื™ืงื™ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื", ื‘ืืชืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก, 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009
  3. โ†‘ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ - ื”ืกืคื“, ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ ืกืืงืœืจ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืข"ืฉ ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ ืกืืงืœืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
  4. โ†‘ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
  5. โ†‘ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ