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COINTELPRO

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COINTELPRO
government program (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Farawaga Augusta, 1956
ƘasaTarayyar Amurka
Ma'aikaciFbi
Wuri
Map
 38°53′43″N 77°01′30″W / 38.8953°N 77.025°W / 38.8953; -77.025

COINTELPRO (abbreviation syllabic samo daga Counter Intelligence Program) jerin ayyukan ɓoye ne [1] da Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya a ƙasar Amurka (FBI) ya gudanar tsakanin shekara ta 1956 da 1971 da nufin yin bincike, shiga, lalata, da rushe jam'iyyun siyasa da kungiyoyi da FBI ta ɗauka a matsayin masu tayar da kayar baya. [2]

Kungiyoyi da mutane da FBI ta yi niyya sun haɗa da kungiyoyin mata, [3] Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, [4] masu shirya yaƙin Vietnam, masu gwagwarmaya a cikin 'yancin farar hula da ƙungiyoyin Black power (misali, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, da Black Panther Party), Kungiyoyin ɗalibai kamar Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) da Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai ba tare da tashin hankali ba (SNCC), Ƙungiyar Indiya ta Amurka (AIM), ƙungiyoyin Chicano da Mexican-Amurka kamar Brown Berets da Ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Puerto Lords, da Ƙungiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin kai (ciki har da Ƙungiyar Ma' yancin kai ta Jama' 'Yancin jama'a'a). Kodayake shirin ya fi mayar da hankali kan kungiyoyin da suka kasance wani ɓangare na Sabon Hagu, sun kuma yi niyya ga kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kamar su Ku Klux Klan da Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Jihohi ta Kasa.[5][6]

FBI ta shiga cikin ayyukan ɓoye da ke da niyya ga kungiyoyin siyasa na cikin gida tun daga farkon shekarunta. Ayyukan ɓoye a ƙarƙashin lakabin COINTELPRO na hukuma sun faru tsakanin shekara ta 1956 zuwa 1971. Koyaya, jerin lokutan hukuma na shirin shine batun muhawara. A cewar binciken Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, Idan COINTELPRO ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, matsalolin ƙaya na motsawa, dabaru, da sarrafawa da aka gabatar na iya zama lafiya a tarihi. Koyaya, COINTELSRO ya wanzu shekaru da yawa a kan lokaci-lokaci kafin a kafa shirye-shiryen tsari, kuma mafi mahimmanci, ayyukan COINTELCRO-type na iya ci gaba a yau a ƙarƙashin rubric na 'bincike'.[7]Yawancin dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a COINTELPRO ana zargin sun ci gaba da amfani da su, gami da lalata manufofi ta hanyar yaƙi na tunani; lalata mutane da kungiyoyi ta amfani da takardun karya da kuma dasa rahotanni na karya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai; cin zarafi; ɗaurin kurkuku mara kyau; tashin hankali ba bisa ka'ida ba; da kisan kai.[8][9] A cewar wani rahoto na Majalisar Dattijai, dalilin FBI shine "kare tsaron kasa, hana tashin hankali, da kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa da ke akwai.

Da farko a shekarar 1969, COINTELPRO ta yi niyya ga shugabannin jam'iyyar Black Panther kuma an kusa su ta hanyar dabaru da suka hada da kisan kai, ɗaurewa, wulakanci na jama'a, da kuma zargin aikata laifuka na ƙarya. Black Panthers da aka yi niyya sun hada da Fred Hampton, Mark Clark, Assata Shakur, Geronimo Pratt, Mumia Abu-Jamal, da Marshall Conway . Hanyoyin da COINTELPRO ke amfani da su sun kasance ƙarya, cin zarafin shaidu, tsoratar da shaidu, da kuma hana shaidar da za a ba da izini.[10]

Darakta na FBI J. Edgar Hoover ya ba da umarni da ke kula da COINTELPRO, yana ba da umarnin jami'an FBI da su bayyana, rushewa, ba daidai ba, ko kuma su hana ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi kuma musamman shugabannin su.[11][12] A karkashin Hoover, jami'in da ke kula da COINTELPRO shine mataimakin darektan William C. Sullivan . [13] Babban Lauyan Robert F. Kennedy da kansa ya ba da izini ga wasu shirye-shiryen, yana ba da izinin rubuce-rubuce don iyakance sauraron wayoyin Martin Luther King a kan gwaji, na wata ɗaya ko haka.[14][15] Hoover ya tsawaita izinin don haka mutanensa sun kasance marasa amfani don neman shaidu a kowane bangare na rayuwar Sarki da suka ɗauka sun cancanci.[16]

Tarihi

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FBI ta fara COINTELPRO, taƙaice don Shirin Counterintelligence, a cikin 1956 tare da manufar lalata ayyukan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka. A cikin shekarun 1960, an fadada ikon makircin don ya ƙunshi ƙarin ƙungiyoyi na cikin gida, gami da Ku Klux Klan, Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers, da Jam'iyyar Black Panther. Dakatar da duk ayyukan COINTELPRO ya faru ne a shekarar 1971. Duk da karamin sikelin da yake da shi (wanda ya zama kusan 0.2% na aikin FBI gaba ɗaya a cikin shekaru 15), COINTELPRO daga baya ya fuskanci zargi daga Majalisa da jama'ar Amurka don keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko da sauran dalilai.[17]

Dabaru sun haɗa da kiran waya da ba a san su ba, binciken sabis na haraji na ciki (IRS), da kuma kirkirar takardu da za su raba kungiyar kwaminisanci ta ƙasar Amurka a ciki.[4] Wani bayanin Oktoba 1956 daga Hoover ya sake rarraba sa ido na FBI game da shugabannin baƙar fata, gami da shi a cikin COINTELPRO, tare da tabbatar da cewa kwaminisanci sun shiga cikin motsi.[18] A shekara ta 1956, Hoover ya aika da wasika mai budewa yana zargin Dokta T. R. M. Howard, shugaban kare hakkin bil'adama, likita, kuma attajiri ne a Mississippi wanda ya soki FBI ba ta aiki wajen warware kisan gillar da aka yi kwanan nan na George W. Lee, Emmett Till, da sauran 'yan Afirka a Kudu. Lokacin da aka kafa Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka, a shekara ta 1957, FBI ta fara saka idanu da kuma yin niyya ga kungiyar kusan nan da nan, tana mai da hankali musamman ga Bayard Rustin, Stanley Levison, kuma a ƙarshe Martin Luther King Jr.[19]

Wani ɓangare na "wasikar kisan kai" ta 1964 wanda FBI ta aika wa Martin Luther King Jr.Sarki ya fassara wasikar a matsayin ƙoƙari na shawo kansa ya kashe kansa.[20] Za a saki wasu sassan wasikar a cikin 2014.[20]

Bayan Maris na shekarar 1963 a Washington don Ayyuka da 'Yanci, Hoover ya zaɓi Sarki a matsayin babban burin COINTELPRO. A karkashin matsin lamba daga Hoover don mayar da hankali ga Sarki, Sullivan ya rubuta: [21] Ba da daɗewa ba, FBI ta kasance tana yin amfani da gidan Sarki da ɗakunan otal dinsa, saboda yanzu sun san cewa Sarki yana girma a kowace rana a matsayin babban jagora na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.[22]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Sarki ya fara sukar Ofishin a bainar jama'a saboda rashin kulawa da amfani da ta'addanci ta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Hoover ya amsa ta hanyar kiran Sarki a fili "mafi sanannun maƙaryaci a Amurka.[23] A cikin tarihinsa na 1991, ɗan jaridar Washington Post Carl Rowan ya tabbatar da cewa FBI ta aika da akalla wata wasika da ba a bayyana sunanta ba ga Sarki tana ƙarfafa shi ya kashe kansa.[24] Masanin tarihi Taylor Branch ya rubuta wani kunshe na kashe kansa wanda ba a san shi ba wanda FBI ta aiko a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 1964, wanda ya ƙunshi rikodin sauti da aka samu ta hanyar buga wayar Sarki da sanya kwari a cikin ɗakunan otal daban-daban a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, kuma an kirkireshi ne kwana biyu bayan sanarwar Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. [25] Tape ɗin, wanda masanin fasahar sauti na FBI John Matter ya shirya, ya rubuta jerin abubuwan da King ya yi na jima'i tare da wasika tana gaya masa: Akwai hanyar fita guda ɗaya kawai a gare ku. Ya fi kyau ku ɗauka kafin a hana ku zama mai ƙazanta, mai banƙyama, mai zamba ga al'ummar. [25][26] Sarki ya yi imanin cewa daga baya an sanar da shi cewa za a saki sauti ga kafofin watsa labarai idan bai yarda ba kuma ya kashe kansa kafin ya karbi kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya.[25] Lokacin da Sarki ya ki gamsar da dabarun tilasta musu, Mataimakin Darakta na FBI, Cartha D. DeLoach, ya fara kamfen ɗin kafofin watsa labarai yana ba da bayanan sa ido ga ƙungiyoyin labarai daban-daban, gami da Newsweek da Newsday . [25] A shekara ta 1969 - shekara guda bayan kisan Sarki - kokarin FBI na "bayyana" shi ya ci gaba ba tare da raguwa ba. Dangane da binciken Kwamitin Ikilisiya, Ofishin "ya samar da harsashi ga abokan adawar da suka ba da damar kai hare-hare kan ƙwaƙwalwar Sarki kuma ... sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ƙoƙarin girmama jagoran da aka kashe. "[26]Koyaya, an bayyana wasu ɓangarorin wasikar FBI ga Sarki a cikin 2014 wanda ya nuna cewa manufar FBI ita ce tura Sarki daga jagoranci kuma suna da "manyan shugabannin" kamar Roy Wilkins suna jagorantar ƙungiyar 'yancin jama'a. Da'awar cewa manufar FBI ita ce cire Sarki daga jagorancin SCLC an kuma goyi bayan shi a baya a 1976 ta hanyar binciken Kwamitin Coci.

A wannan lokacin shirin ya kuma yi niyya ga Malcolm X. Duk da yake mai magana da yawun FBI ya musanta cewa FBI ta kasance kai tsaye da hannu a kisan Malcolm a shekarar 1965, an rubuta cewa Ofishin ya yi aiki don " fadada rikici" tsakanin Malcolm da Elijah Muhammad ta hanyar shiga ciki da kuma sparking of acrimonious muhawara a cikin kungiyar", jita-jita, da sauran dabarun da aka tsara don bunkasa rikice-rikice-rikici na ciki, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da kisan Malcolm.[27] FBI ta shiga cikin kungiyar Malcolm ta hadin kan ƙasar Afirka da ƙasar Amurka a cikin watanni na karshe na rayuwarsa. Manning Marable's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Malcolm X ya tabbatar da cewa mafi yawan mutanen da suka shirya kisan Malcolm ba a taɓa kama su ba kuma ba za a iya sanin cikakken matakin FBI a cikin mutuwarsa ba.

A cikin rikice-rikicen birane na Yuli-Agusta 1967, FBI ta fara "COINTELPRO-BLACK HATE", wanda ya mayar da hankali ga Sarki da SCLC, da kuma Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC), Juyin Juya Halin (RAM), Deacons for Defense and Justice, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), da kuma Nation of Islam . [28] BLACK HATE ta kafa Shirin Mai ba da Bayani na Ghetto kuma ta umarci ofisoshin FBI 23 da su "tabbatar da, ba daidai ba, lalata, ko kuma su kawar da ayyukan kungiyoyin ƙiyayya na baƙar fata".[29]

Wata sanarwa ta Maris a shekarar 1968 ta bayyana cewa manufar shirin ita ce "hana hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin baƙar fata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don Kariya ga RISE OF A 'MESSIAH' wanda zai iya haɗa kai ... ƙungiyar baƙar fata mai tsattsa ra'ayi "; "don nuna masu tayar da hankali da kuma kawar da su kafin su yi amfani da damar su don tashin hankali [a kan hukumomi]"; don "Ka hana kungiyoyin baƙi masu tsattst da shugabannin samun RESPECTABILITY, ta hanyar lalata su ga ... al'umma masu al'umma da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dogon lokaci da kuma masu sassaucina cikin kungiyoyin baƙumi na baƙar fata da masu sassauta".   An ce Dr. King yana da damar zama masihu, idan ya bar rashin tashin hankali da haɗin kai, [30] kuma an lura da Stokely Carmichael yana da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don zama ainihin barazana ta wannan hanyar" kamar yadda aka nuna shi a matsayin wanda ya goyi bayan hangen nesa na ƙarfi. Duk da yake FBI ta damu da shugabannin da masu shirya taron, ba su iyakance ikon da suke da shi ga shugabannin kungiyoyi ba. Kowane mutum, misali marubutan, an kuma lissafa su cikin manufofi na ayyukan.[31]

Wannan shirin ya yi daidai da yunkurin tarayya don shirya martani na soja don tashin hankali na birane kuma ya fara haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin FBI, Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, da Ma'aikatar Tsaro. CIA ta kaddamar da aikin leken asiri na cikin gida a shekarar 1967 da ake kira Operation CHAOS . [32] Wani takamaiman manufa shine Kamfen na Talakawa, kokarin kasa da Sarki da SCLC suka shirya don mamaye Washington, DC. FBI ta sa ido kuma ta rushe kamfen ɗin a matakin ƙasa, yayin da take amfani da dabarun lalata a cikin gida don lalata goyon baya ga tafiyar.[33] Jam'iyyar Black Panther ta kasance wata kungiya ce da aka yi niyya, inda FBI ta hada kai don hallaka jam'iyyar daga ciki.[31]

Gabaɗaya, COINTELPRO ya ƙunshi rushewa da lalata Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers Party (1961), Ku Klux Klan (1964), Ƙasar Islama, Jam'iyyar Black Panther (1967), da dukan New Left social / siyasa movement, wanda ya haɗa da adawa da yaki, al'umma, da addinai (1968). Wani bincike daga baya da Kwamitin Ikilisiyar Majalisar Dattijai ya yi (duba ƙasa) ya bayyana cewa "COINTELPRO ya fara ne a 1956, a wani bangare saboda takaici da hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli da ke iyakance ikon Gwamnati na ci gaba a bayyane a kan kungiyoyin masu adawa".[34]Kwamitocin majalisa na hukuma da shari'o'in kotu da yawa sun kammala cewa ayyukan COINTELPRO akan kungiyoyin kwaminisanci da kwaminisancin sun wuce iyakokin doka kan ayyukan FBI kuma sun keta tabbacin kundin tsarin mulki na 'yancin magana da tarayya.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hoerl, Kristen; Ortiz, Erin (November 2015). "Organizational Secrecy and the FBI's COINTELPRO–Black Nationalist Hate Groups Program, 1967–1971". Management Communication Quarterly. 29 (4): 590–615. doi:10.1177/0893318915597302. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Salper, Roberta (2008). "U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study". Feminist Studies. 34 (3): 431–455. JSTOR 20459215. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  4. 1 2 Weiner 2012.
  5. ↑ Cunningham, David (2003). "Understanding State Responses to Left- versus Right-Wing Threats: The FBI's Repression of the New Left and the Ku Klux Klan". Social Science History. 27 (3): 327–370. doi:10.1017/S0145553200012566.
  6. ↑ Wolf, Paul. "Groups targeted by COINTELPRO". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  8. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  9. ↑ "Murder of Fred Hampton" (PDF). It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  10. ↑ Cleaver, Kathleen (1998). "Mobilizing for Mumia Abu-Jamal in Paris". Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities (in Turanci). 10 (2). ISSN 1041-6374. S2CID 141121370. Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  11. ↑ "COINTELPRO Revisited – Spying & Disruption – In Black & White: The F.B.I. Papers". What Really Happened. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  12. ↑ "A Huey P. Newton Story – Actions – COINTELPRO". PBS. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  13. ↑ Weiner 2012.
  14. ↑ Weiner 2012
  15. ↑ Hersh 2007.
  16. ↑ Hersh 2007.
  17. ↑ "FBI Records: The Vault — COINTELPRO". FBI. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  18. ↑ Weiner 2012
  19. ↑ Weiner 2012.
  20. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "fbi letter".
  21. ↑ Weiner 2012.
  22. ↑ Weiner 2012.
  23. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  24. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  25. 1 2 3 4 Empty citation (help)
  26. 1 2 Branch 1999.
  27. ↑ Branch 1999.
  28. ↑ "Guide to the Microfilm Edition of FBI Surveillance Files: Black Extremist Organizations, Part 1" (PDF). Lexis-Nexis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  29. ↑ Weiner 2012.
  30. ↑ Hoover, J. Edgar. "The FBI Sets Goals for COINTELPRO". HERB: Resources for Teachers. City University of New York. Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  31. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
  32. ↑ Weiner 2012
  33. ↑ McKnight 1998
  34. ↑ "FBI leadership claimed Bureau was 'almost powerless' against KKK, despite making up one-fifth of its membership". Muckrock. December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
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