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散

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
散 U+6563, 散
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6563
← 敢
[U+6562] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敤 →
[U+6564]

Translingual

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Han character

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散 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 廿月人大 (TBOK), four-corner 48240, composition ⿰⿱龷月攵)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 34
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13265
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1465, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+6563

Chinese

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trad. 散
simp. # 散
alternative forms
㪔
𢽳
𢿷
𣀙
𢿱
㪔
𢽳
𢿷
𣀙
𢿱
㪚
𭣹
撒 Hokkien
嘇／𰇼 Hokkien
糝／糁 Hokkien
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 散
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (散) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
散 *saːnʔ, *saːns
糤 *saːnʔ
繖 *saːnʔ, *saːns
饊 *saːnʔ
鏾 *saːnʔ
潸 *sraːn, *sraːnʔ
霰 *sqʰeːns
撒 *saːd

The original version visible on oracle bone script is 㪔, hence Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 林 (“trees, forest”) + 攴 (“to knock, to tap”), also written with hemp stalks 𣏟 (> 𢽳) or bamboo 竹 instead of two trees. The original meanings are "to clear a place from vegetation; to kill". The character later started meaning "to dissipate, to disperse" since bamboo in particular breaks easily into pieces; eventually, the meaning shifted to "to walk around, to stroll".

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *saːnʔ, *saːns): semantic 肉 + phonetic 𢽳, written as 𣀙, in which 林 is well visible on top.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjwar ~ g/b-sjwa-n/t (“flow; pour; scatter; spill; sow; broadcast”). Cognate with 撒 (OC *saːd, “to cast away; to let go”), 宣 (OC *sqʰon, “to spread; to proclaim”), Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to escape; to flow out”), Burmese သွန် (swan, “to pour out; to spill”), Lahu šē (“to sow; to broadcast”), Lahu šêʔ (“to pour; to spill; to disperse; to sow; to broadcast”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • sóaⁿ - vernacular;
  • sán - literary;
  • sám - literary ("to sprinkle, to spread, to gobble, carelessly, casually");
  • sáng - literary ("to put on the fire").
Note: suan2 - “medicine in powdered form”.
Rime
Character 散
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇旱切
Baxter sanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sanX/
Li
Rong 		/sɑnX/
Wang
Li 		/sɑnX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		saan2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 散
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sanX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]ˁa[n]ʔ/
English scattered (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 散
Reading # 1/2
No. 10967
Phonetic
component 		散
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		散
Old
Chinese 		/*saːnʔ/
Notes 說文左上從林

Definitions

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散

  1. free and unfettered
  2. natural and restrained; at ease
  3. loose; free
  4. to become loose; to break apart; to fall apart
  5. scattered; fragmentary; odd; apart; sporadic; temporary
  6. mixed and disorderly; miscellaneous; random
  7. (literature) free from parallelism
  8. careless; incautious; inattentive
  9. ordinary; useless
  10. (traditional Chinese medicine) medicine in powder form
    蒙脫石散／蒙脱石散  ―  méngtuōshí sàn  ―  Montmorillonite powder
  11. (Hokkien) to sprinkle; to spread (such as salt, powder, wood, ashes, medicinal powder, sawdust, fuel, etc.)
  12. (Quanzhou and Tong'an Hokkien) to put on the fire (such as wood or fuel)
  13. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gobble; to devour; to gorge
  14. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) casually; at random; carelessly; haphazardly; randomly; as one pleases; without restraint or goal

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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trad. 散
simp. # 散
alternative forms 剼／𱐠 Hokkien
Note:
  • sua4/suann4 - vernacular;
  • sang4 - literary.
Note:
  • sòaⁿ - vernacular;
  • sàn - literary (courageous, to stroll, to induce sweat, poor);
  • sàm - literary ("buttoned, fastened, buckled, clasped").
Note:
  • sua3 - vernacular;
  • sang3 - literary.
Rime
Character 散
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇旰切
Baxter sanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sanH/
Li
Rong 		/sɑnH/
Wang
Li 		/sɑnH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		saan3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 散
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə-sˁa[n]ʔ-s/
English scatter (v.t.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 散
Reading # 2/2
No. 10972
Phonetic
component 		散
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		繖
Old
Chinese 		/*saːns/

Definitions

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散

  1. to break up; to disperse; to scatter
  2. to distribute; to disseminate
  3. to open; to open wide
  4. to dissipate; to distract; to find diversion
  5. to run away; to escape; to flee
  6. to express; to declare; to explain
  7. to end; to finish; to be over
  8. to lose; to miss
  9. to herd; to graze; to walk (animals)
  10. chaotic; helter-skelter
  11. (Hokkien) to induce sweat
  12. (Hokkien) buttoned; fastened with a Chinese button knot or button; buckled; clasped
    長衫散裙／长衫散裙 [Hokkien]  ―  tn̂g-saⁿ sàm-kûn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  long gown and full flowing skirt (full Ming dynasty dress)
  13. (Mainland China Hokkien) courageous; fearless
  14. (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) to stroll; to saunter; to go for a walk
  15. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) poor
    Alternative forms: 窮 / 穷, 貧 / 贫

Synonyms

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  • (poor):
Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 窮, 貧窮
Singapore 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 窮
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 窮
Wanrong 窮
Xi'an 窮
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 窮
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 苦寒
Guilin 窮
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 窮
Cantonese Guangzhou 窮
Hong Kong 窮
Taishan 窮
Gan Nanchang 窮
Pingxiang 窮
Hakka Meixian 窮
Jin Taiyuan 窮
Northern Min Jian'ou 窮無
Eastern Min Fuzhou 窮
Southern Min Xiamen 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
Quanzhou 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
Hui'an 窮赤
Zhangzhou 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空
Tainan 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
Manila (Hokkien) 窮, 無錢, 宋凶
Chaozhou 磽
Raoping 磽
Shantou 窮, 磽
Shantou (Chenghai) 磽
Jieyang 窮, 磽
Leizhou 窮, 蒯
Wu Shanghai 窮
Suzhou 窮
Danyang 窮
Hangzhou 窮
Jinhua 倒灶

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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散

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. scatter

Readings

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Compounds

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References

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 散 (MC sanX|sanH).

Historical readings

Hanja

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散 (eum 산 (san))

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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散: Hán Nôm readings: tản, tảng, tan, tởn, tán

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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