Jump to content

告

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 吿 and 吉
告 U+544A, 告
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-544A
← 呉
[U+5449] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 呋 →
[U+544B]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

[edit]

告 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, Cangjie input 竹土口 (HGR), four-corner 24601, composition ⿱𠂒口)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical number 21.

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 181, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3381
  • Dae Jaweon: page 398, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 589, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+544A

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 告
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
造 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
慥 *skʰuːɡs
艁 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
糙 *skʰuːɡs
告 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
誥 *kuːɡs
郜 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
祰 *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ
靠 *kʰuːɡs
浩 *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb
晧 *ɡuːʔ
皓 *ɡuːʔ
窖 *kruːɡs
簉 *skʰruɡs
梏 *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ
硞 *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ
牿 *kuːɡ
鵠 *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
酷 *kʰuːɡ
焅 *kʰuːɡ
嚳 *kʰuːɡ
頶 *ɡuːɡ

Unclear. Theories include:

  • Zhongshu Xu: Pictogram (象形): tongue sticking out from the mouth.[1]
  • Meilan Chen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): abbreviated 壴 + 口, hence a decorated drum and an open mouth.[2]

Shuowen interprets it as 牛 + 口; however, Yu Xingwu points out that the top component is unrelated to 牛, as can be seen in the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions.[3]

Etymology 1

[edit]
trad. 告/吿
simp. 告
alternative forms 𠰛
𢍎

Cognate with Thai กล่าว (glàao, “to say; to declare”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • gor4 - literary;
  • go4 - vernacular.
Note: go3 - “to sue”.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 告
Mandarin Beijing /kɑu⁵¹/
Harbin /kau⁵³/
Tianjin /kɑu⁵³/
Jinan /kɔ²¹/
Qingdao /kɔ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /kau³¹²/
Xi'an /kau⁴⁴/
Xining /kɔ²¹³/
Yinchuan /kɔ¹³/
Lanzhou /kɔ¹³/
Ürümqi /kɔ²¹³/
Wuhan /kau³⁵/
Chengdu /kau¹³/
Guiyang /kao²¹³/
Kunming /kɔ²¹²/
Nanjing /kɔo⁴⁴/
Hefei /kɔ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /kau⁴⁵/
Pingyao /kɔ³⁵/
Hohhot /kɔ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /kɔ³⁵/
Suzhou /kæ⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /kɔ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /kɜ⁴²/
Hui Shexian /kɔ³²⁴/
Tunxi /kə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /kau⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kaɯ⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kɑu⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kau⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /kou³³/
Nanning /ku³³/
Hong Kong /kou³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ko²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɔ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kau³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kau²¹³/
/ko²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kau³⁵/
/ko³⁵/
Rime
Character 告
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 豪 (89)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古到切
Baxter kawH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kawH/
Li
Rong 		/kɑuH/
Wang
Li 		/kɑuH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑuH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gào
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gou3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 告
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gào
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kawH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁuk-s/
English announce, inform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 告
Reading # 1/2
No. 3805
Phonetic
component 		告
Rime
group 		奧
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		誥
Old
Chinese 		/*kuːɡs/
Definitions
[edit]

告

  1. to report to
  2. to tell; to inform
  3. to request
  4. to announce; to declare
  5. to expose; to denounce
  6. to accuse; to sue; to file a lawsuit; to press charges
    告上法庭  ―  gào shàng fǎtíng  ―  to file a lawsuit
  7. (Eastern Min) to call
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to sue):

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Rime
Character 告
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 沃 (6)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古沃切
Baxter kowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuok̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuok̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kok̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kawk̚/
Li
Rong 		/kok̚/
Wang
Li 		/kuok̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kuok̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		guk1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 告
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gào
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kowk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁuk/
English announce, inform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 告
Reading # 2/2
No. 3818
Phonetic
component 		吿
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		梏
Old
Chinese 		/*kuːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]

告

  1. only used in 忠告 (zhōnggào)

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Rime
Character 告
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 沃 (6)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古沃切
Baxter kowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuok̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuok̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kok̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kawk̚/
Li
Rong 		/kok̚/
Wang
Li 		/kuok̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kuok̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		guk1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 告
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gào
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kowk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁuk/
English announce, inform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 告
Reading # 2/2
No. 3818
Phonetic
component 		吿
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		梏
Old
Chinese 		/*kuːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]

告

  1. only used in 告朔

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
trad. 告/吿
simp. 告
alternative forms 校
較／较

From 校 (MC kaewH, “to check; to compare”) (Yang, 2010).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

告

  1. (Southwestern Mandarin) to try; to check out

Etymology 3

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

告

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to interrogate and convict

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 徐中舒 「怎様考釈古文字」 『古文字学論集』初編 香港中文大学、1983年、7-20頁。
    張玉金 「論殷商時代的祰祭」 『中国文字』新30期 藝文印書館、2005年、1-30頁。
  2. ^ 陳美蘭 「説“告”」 『中正漢学研究』2013年2期 中正大学中国文学系、2013年。
  3. ^ 于省吾主編 『甲骨文字詁林』 中華書局、1996年、689頁。
  • “告”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [The Archives of Licheng District, Putian City], editor (2022), “告”, in 《莆仙方言文读字汇》 [A Character Collection of Literary Readings of the Puxian Topolect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 74.

Japanese

[edit]
Shinjitai 告
Kyūjitai 吿

Kanji

[edit]
告

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to tell, to inform
  2. revelation

Readings

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
Kanji in this term
告
つ(げ)
Grade: 5
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
吿 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 告 – see the following entry.
【つげ】
[noun] (religion, usually prefixed as おつげ) revelation
[verb] imperfective and stem (or continuative) forms of つげる (tsugeru) [ichidan]
Alternative spelling
告げ
(This term, 告, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

告 (eumhun 알릴 고 (allil go))

  1. hanja form? of 고 (“report”)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

告 (eumhun 청할 곡 (cheonghal gok))

  1. (obsolete) hanja form? of 곡 (“asking”)

Compounds

[edit]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

告: Hán Nôm readings: cáo, cáu, cốc, kiếu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=告&oldid=92776346"