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吉

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 𠮷, 喆, 吿, 告, 古, 舌, and 舎
吉 U+5409, 吉
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5409
← 合
[U+5408] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 吊 →
[U+540A]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes

Han character

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吉 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, Cangjie input 土口 (GR), four-corner 40601, composition ⿱士口)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 175, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3289
  • Dae Jaweon: page 389, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 576, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5409

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 吉
alternative forms 𠮷

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 吉
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (吉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
秸 *kriːl, *kriːd
髻 *kiːds
夡 *kʰids
鴶 *kriːd
袺 *kriːd, *kiːd
頡 *kriːd, *ɡiːd
劼 *kʰriːd
硈 *kʰriːd
咭 *kʰriːd, *ɡlid, *qʰlid
黠 *ɡriːd
聐 *ŋreːd
趌 *ked, *klid, *kʰid, *ɡrid
結 *kiːd
拮 *kiːd, *klid
桔 *kiːd
狤 *kiːd, *klid, *ɡrid
擷 *qʰiːd, *ɡiːd
襭 *ɡiːd
翓 *ɡiːd
纈 *ɡiːd
吉 *klid
郆 *kid
詰 *kʰid
蛣 *kʰid
佶 *ɡlid, *ɡrid
鮚 *ɡrid
姞 *ɡrid
欯 *qʰlid
恄 *qʰlid

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) – originally 圭 and 口 in the oracle bone script. The top component mutated into 士 in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sV-qjit (“happy; pleased”) (STEDT). Also compare Tibetan སྐྱིད་པ (skyid pa, “to be happy”) and Burmese ချစ် (hkyac, “to love, to be pleased”) (Gong 1995, Schuessler 2007, Hill 2019).

Cantonese sense of “empty” arises from avoidance of 空 (hung1, “empty”), which is homophonous to 凶 (hung1, “inauspicious”).

The Taiwanese Chinese sense of “to sue” arises from avoidance of 告 (gào, “to sue”), which is a typo form of it.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • geh6 - vernacular;
  • gih6 - literary.
Note:
  • Xiamen:
    • kiat - vernacular;
    • kit - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 吉
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
/t͡ɕi²⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕi²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕji⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕi⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕie³¹/
/t͡ɕi³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕi²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕi³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʔ²¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕi⁵/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kit̚¹/
Taoyuan /kit̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐt̚⁵/
Nanning /kɐt̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐt̚⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kit̚³²/
/kiat̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɛiʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ki²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kik̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kit̚⁵/
Rime
Character 吉
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 質 (48)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居質切
Baxter kjit
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kiɪt̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kit̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kjet̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kit̚/
Li
Rong 		/kiĕt̚/
Wang
Li 		/kĭĕt̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ĕt̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ji
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gat1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 吉
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjit ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.qi[t]/ (*C.q- > *k-, escaping palatalization)
English auspicious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 吉
Reading # 1/1
No. 5692
Phonetic
component 		吉
Rime
group 		質
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		吉
Old
Chinese 		/*klid/
Notes 甲文象供品在口表神佑吉利

Definitions

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吉

  1. auspicious; lucky
    Antonym: 凶 (xiōng)
    吉利  ―  jílì  ―  auspicious; lucky
  2. good
  3. (Cantonese, euphemistic) empty
    橫掂有間房吉咗喺度，不如租畀人住啊。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    横掂有间房吉咗喺度，不如租畀人住啊。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    waang4 dim6 jau5 gaan1 fong4-2 gat1 zo2 hai2 dou6, bat1 jyu4 zou1 bei2 jan4 zyu6 aa1. [Jyutping]
    Since there's an empty room, why don't we rent it out?
    交吉卷 [Cantonese]  ―  gaau1 gat1 gyun2 [Jyutping]  ―  Hand out an unanswered (empty) exam paper
    吉屋 [Cantonese]  ―  gat1 uk1 [Jyutping]  ―  unoccupied house
    吉舖／吉铺 [Cantonese]  ―  gat1 pou3 [Jyutping]  ―  vacant shop
    請問呢個位係咪吉㗎？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    请问呢个位系咪吉㗎？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    ceng2 man6 ne1 go3 wai6 hai6 mai6 gat1 gaa3? [Jyutping]
    Is anyone sitting here?
  4. (Cantonese, euphemistic) emptiness; nothingness
    勞碌一生得個吉 [Cantonese, trad.]
    劳碌一生得个吉 [Cantonese, simp.]
    lou4 luk1 jat1 sang1 dak1 go3 gat1 [Jyutping]
    A lifetime of labor amounts to nothing
  5. (Taiwan, Internet slang) to accuse; to sue; to file a lawsuit; to press charges
    這我一定吉／这我一定吉  ―  zhè wǒ yīdìng jí  ―  I will definitely sue for this
  6. Used in transcription.
    吉林  ―  Jílín  ―  Jilin (from Manchu gilin)
    吉爾吉斯／吉尔吉斯  ―  Jí'ěrjísī  ―  Kyrgyzstan
    吉布地  ―  Jíbùdì  ―  Djibouti
    吉隆坡  ―  Jílóngpō  ―  Kuala Lumpur
    吉爾福德／吉尔福德  ―  Jí'ěrfúdé  ―  Guildford
    姆布吉馬伊／姆布吉马伊  ―  Mǔbùjí Mǎyī  ―  Mbuji-Mayi
    1. short for 吉林 (Jílín, “Jilin Province”)
  7. a surname
  8. (～縣) Ji County (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 空 (“empty; void”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 空
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 空
Taiwan 空
Singapore 空
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 空
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 空
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 空
Wuhan 空
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 空
Hefei 空
Cantonese Guangzhou 空, 吉
Hong Kong 空, 吉
Taishan 空
Yangjiang 空
Gan Nanchang 空
Hakka Meixian 空
Jin Taiyuan 空
Northern Min Jian'ou 空
Eastern Min Fuzhou 空
Southern Min Xiamen 空
Quanzhou 空
Zhangzhou 空
Tainan 空
Penang (Hokkien) 空殼
Singapore (Hokkien) 空
Chaozhou 空
Jieyang 空
Wu Suzhou 空
Wenzhou 空
Xiang Changsha 空
Shuangfeng 空

Descendants

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  • → English: Ji

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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吉

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: きち (kichi, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: きつ (kitsu, Jōyō)
  • Kun: よい (yoi, 吉い)、よし (yoshi, 吉し)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
吉
きち
Grade: S
goon

From Middle Chinese 吉 (MC kjit).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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吉(きち) • (kichi) 

  1. good luck, blessedness, happiness

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
吉
きつ
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 吉 (MC kjit).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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吉(きつ) • (kitsu) 

  1. good luck

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
吉
よ(し)
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Classical Japanese adjective 吉(よ)し (yoshi, “fortunate, lucky, joyful”), modern form 吉(よ)い (yoi), a specialized spelling of 良(よ)し (yoshi, “good”), modern form 良(よ)い (yoi).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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吉(よし) • (Yoshi) 

  1. a surname

Korean

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Hanja

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吉 (eumhun 길할 길 (gilhal gil))

  1. hanja form? of 길 (“luck”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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吉: Hán Việt readings: cát[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], kiết[8][9][10][11]
吉: Nôm readings: cát[1][2], cứt[1][2], kiết[3][11], cất[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of cát (“(in compounds) auspicious, lucky”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of cát (“sand”)
    • 1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)‎[2], published 1870, lines 1035-1036:
      𦊚皮八𠯪賒𬂙
      吉鐄𡑱怒𡏧紅𨤵箕
      Bốn bề bát ngát xa trông,
      Cát vàng cồn nọ, bụi hồng dặm kia.
      On all four sides into the far distance that she could see:
      Some dunes of gold sand, some trails with red dust.
    • 1898, Emperor Tự Đức, 嗣德聖製字學解義歌 [Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca, Emperor Tự Đức's sagely creation about character learning and explanation song]‎[3], volume 1, 堪輿類上 [Kham dư loại, thượng], page 15a:
      川滝山𡶀限垠
      沙吉礫𥖔糞分泥湓
      Xuyên sông, sơn núi, hạn ngăn.
      Sa cát, lịch sạn, phẩn phân, nê bùn.
      "Xuyên" means river, "sơn" means mountain, "hạn" is to prevent.
      "Sa" means sand, "lịch" means gravel, "phẩn" means excrement, "nê" means mud.
  3. chữ Nôm form of cất (“to clear; to relocate, to put back”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of cứt (“(informal) shit (solid excretory product evacuated from the bowel)”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ^ Hồ (1976).
  6. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  7. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bonet (1899).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Génibrel (1898).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Takeuchi (1988).
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