冢

See also: 塚, 家, and 冡

冢 U+51A2, 冢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A2 ← 冡 [U+51A1] CJK Unified Ideographs 冣 → [U+51A3]

Translingual

Han character

冢 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+8, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 月一一人 (BMMO) or 月一尸人 (BMSO) or 難月一尸人 (XBMSO), four-corner 3723₂, composition ⿱冖豖)

Derived characters

• 塚, 𡻑, 𣹞, 𬥥

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1585
• Dae Jaweon: page 293, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 304, character 9
• Unihan data for U+51A2

Chinese

trad.		冢/塚
simp.		冢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 冢
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (豖) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
冢	*toŋʔ
塚	*toŋʔ
涿	*rtoːɡ
琢	*rtoːɡ
啄	*rtoːɡ, *toːɡ
諑	*rtoːɡ
剢	*toːɡ
瘃	*toɡ
豖	*tʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toŋʔ): semantic 勹 (“wrap”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ) – wrapped in a burial shroud. Top component now simplified to 冖.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/r-duŋ (“mountain; hillock”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese တောင် (taung, “mountain”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zong³

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): zhǒn

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cung²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhúng

  (Hailu, HRS): chung^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): cung³

• Eastern Min (BUC): tūng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): toeng³ / tyoeng³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): thióng / tióng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): tong²

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵tson / ³tson
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhong³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
    • Wade–Giles: chung³
    • Yale: jǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
    • Palladius: чжун (čžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: zong³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵³/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: zhǒn
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): zhon³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂoŋ¹¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cung²
    • Yale: chúng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: cung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhúng
    • Hakka Romanization System: cung^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cung³
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuŋ³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: chung^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰuŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: cung³
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰʊŋ³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: tūng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: toeng³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: tê̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: tyoeng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰyøŋ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
    • Tâi-lô: thióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
    • Tâi-lô: tióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: tong²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵tson
    • MiniDict: tson^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tson
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/
  • (Northern: Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ³tson
    • MiniDict: tson^上
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡soŋ⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: zhong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sən⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: trjowngX

Rime
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知隴切
Baxter	trjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuawŋX/
Li Rong	/ȶioŋX/
Wang Li	/ȶĭwoŋX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȶi̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]roŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]roŋʔ/ (or *[t]<r>oŋʔ ?)
English	tomb mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
No.	1616
Phonetic component	豖
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冢
Old Chinese	/*toŋʔ/

Definitions

冢

1. original form of 塚／冢 (zhǒng, “mausoleum; tomb; burial mound”)

   • 項羽燒秦宮室，掘始皇帝冢。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     项羽烧秦宫室，掘始皇帝冢。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Xiàng Yǔ shāo Qín gōngshì, jué Shǐhuángdì zhǒng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 一去紫臺連朔漠，獨留青冢向黃昏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Poem by Du Fu, 杜甫 · 詠懷古跡五首 · 其三

     Yī qù zǐ tái lián shuòmò, dú liú qīng zhǒng xiàng huánghūn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) mountain summit

   • 百川沸騰，山冢崒崩。高岸為谷，深谷為陵。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     百川沸腾，山冢崒崩。高岸为谷，深谷为陵。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Bǎi chuān fèiténg, shān zhǒng zú bēng. Gāo àn wèi gǔ, shēn gǔ wèi líng. [Pinyin]

     The streams all bubble up and overflow. The crags on the hill-tops fall down. High banks become valleys; deep valleys become hills.

3. (prefix) eldest, senior in rank

Compounds

• 冢中枯骨 (zhǒngzhōngkūgǔ)
• 冢嗣
• 冢土
• 冢埌
• 冢墓
• 冢婦 / 冢妇
• 冢子 (zhǒngzǐ)
• 冢宰 (zhǒngzǎi)
• 冢息
• 冢藏
• 叢冢 / 丛冢 (cóngzhǒng)
• 喪冢 / 丧冢
• 垌冢 (Tóngzhǒng)
• 大冢宰
• 嶓冢 (Bōzhǒng)
• 汲冢古文
• 發冢 / 发冢
• 石冢 (shízhǒng)
• 筆冢 / 笔冢
• 衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
• 青冢
• 香冢

Japanese

Kanji

冢

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. mausoleum; tomb; burial mound; a grave

Readings

• On (unclassified): ちょう (chō)、ちゅ (chu)
• Kun: つか (tsuka)、おか (oka)、やしろ (yashiro)

References

• “^▲冢”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

冢 (eum 총 (chong))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

冢: Hán Việt readings: trủng
冢: Nôm readings: trũng, trổng

1. chữ Hán form of trủng (“a grand grave or burial mound”)
2. chữ Nôm form of trũng (“a deep hole in the ground”)
3. chữ Nôm form of trổng (“vague, indiscriminate”)