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主

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 王, 玉, 生, 丰, and 𘱔
主 U+4E3B, 主
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3B
← 为
[U+4E3A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丼 →
[U+4E3C]

Translingual

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Stroke order
0 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
0 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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主 (Kangxi radical 3, 丶+4, 5 strokes, Cangjie input 卜土 (YG), four-corner 00104, composition ⿱丶王 or ⿱亠土)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 80, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 163, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 44, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E3B

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 主
alternative forms 丶
宔

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 主
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
j12540
j12541
j12542
j12543
j12544
j12545
j12546
s03652
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (主) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
飳 *tʰoːʔ
妵 *tʰoːʔ
黈 *tʰoːʔ
蘣 *tʰoːʔ
罜 *doːɡ, *tjos
拄 *toʔ
柱 *toʔ, *doʔ
駐 *tos
註 *tos, *tjos
鉒 *tos
軴 *tos
住 *tos, *dos
跓 *doʔ
嵀 *doʔ
主 *tjoʔ
麈 *tjoʔ
宔 *tjoʔ
炷 *tjoʔ, *tjos
注 *tjos
疰 *tjos
蛀 *tjos
霔 *tjos

Pictogram (象形). Three distinct forms can be observed in ancient scripts, all of which have merged into the same character in modern script:

  1. A lamp or torch with a flame at the top. Original form of 炷.
  2. Wood (木, now 王) on fire.
  3. A spirit tablet. Same character as 示.

Unrelated to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).

Etymology

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Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)

Also compare Burmese အတို့ (a.tui., “honorific personal pronoun”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • zou3 - vernacular;
  • zy3 - literary.
Note:
  • zu2 - vernacular;
  • ji2 - literary.
Rime
Character 主
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 之庾切
Baxter tsyuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕɨoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕioX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕioX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cuə̆X/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕioX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕĭuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕi̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zyu2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 主
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyuX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*toʔ/
English master; host

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 主
Reading # 1/1
No. 17618
Phonetic
component 		主
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		主
Old
Chinese 		/*tjoʔ/

Definitions

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主

  1. owner; master
  2. host
  3. (archaic, honorific) you (honorific second-person pronoun addressing a "senior official" [大夫] or his spouse)
  4. (Christianity, Islam) God, Lord[1]
  5. emperor
  6. (colloquial, derogatory) person of a specified type
  7. agent; agency
    主動／主动  ―  zhǔdòng  ―  active
    主體／主体  ―  zhǔtǐ  ―  subject (one who possesses agency)
  8. party; entity
    事主  ―  shìzhǔ  ―  party (in a dispute, especially the one bringing forth the dispute)
  9. main; primary; principal; major
    主要  ―  zhǔyào  ―  main
    主演  ―  zhǔyǎn  ―  leading actor
    主修  ―  zhǔxiū  ―  major curriculum
  10. to be in charge; to lead; to command
    主事  ―  zhǔshì  ―  to be in charge
  11. to indicate; to signify
  12. (grammar) short for 主語／主语 (zhǔyǔ)
  13. (historical) short for 公主 (gōngzhǔ)
  14. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (主):
  • → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
  • → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
  • → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

Others:

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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主

  1. Classifier for events.
  2. alternative form of 注 (zhù, “to pour into”)

References

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  1. ^ Shellabear, William G. (1891), The Singapore Trigot Vocabulary, Singapore: American Mission Press, page 52:
    Lord (God) Tuhan 主

Japanese

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Shinjitai 主
Kyūjitai
[1][2][3]
主󠄁
主+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
主󠄃
主+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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主

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. lord, master
  2. main, principal
  3. to rule, to be superordinate

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
主
しゅ
Grade: 3
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 主 (MC tsyuX).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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主(しゅ) • (shu) ←しゆ (syu)?

  1. main
    Antonyms: 従 (extra)
  2. head of the family
  3. master, mistress
  4. one's husband
  5. proprietor, landlord
Synonyms
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Proper noun

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主(しゅ) • (Shu) ←しゆ (Syu)?

  1. the Lord
    主(しゅ)の兄(きょう)弟(だい)ヤコブ
    Shu no kyōdai Yakobu
    James, brother of the Lord

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
主
ぬし
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.
【ぬし】
[noun] master
[noun] owner, proprietor
[noun] guardian spirit
[noun] (archaic) you
[noun] (Internet, social media) owner of a post; OP
(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
主
おも
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.
【おも】
[adjective] chief, main, principal, foremost, important
Alternative spelling
重
(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
主
あるじ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.
【あるじ】
[noun] head of a household
[noun] master (of a servant)
(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “主”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914), 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 62 (paper), page 81 (digital)
  3. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 56 (paper), page 40 (digital)
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 主 (MC tsyuX).

Historical readings

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

主 (eumhun 임금 주 (imgeum ju))
主 (eumhun 주인 주 (ju'in ju))

  1. hanja form? of 주 (“king”)
  2. hanja form? of 주 (“master; host; main”)

Compounds

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References

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  • Naver Hanja Dictionary: 主
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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主: Hán Việt readings: chủ, chúa
主: Nôm readings: chúa, chủ

  1. chữ Hán form of chủ (“owner”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of chúa (“retired father of a king”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of Chúa (“God; Christ; Lord”)

Usage notes

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Compounds

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References

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