sal

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sal"

Languages (52)

Translingual • English

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Afrikaans • Aragonese • Asturian • Azerbaijani • Catalan • Chairel • Chavacano • Danish • Esperanto • Galician • Garo • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Icelandic • Indonesian • Interlingua • Irish • Istriot • Judeo-Tat • Kabuverdianu • Karaim • Latin • Malay • Maltese • Mauritian Creole • Middle Dutch • Mizo • Narango • Northern Kurdish • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Old Norse • Old Spanish • Piedmontese • Portuguese • Rohingya • Romanian • Romansh • Roria • Salar • Spanish • Sumerian • Swedish • Tat • Tocharian B • Turkish • Venetan • Volapük

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Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Salishan.

Symbol

sal

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-5 language code for Salishan languages.

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English sal, from Latin sal. Doublet of salt.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sæl/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

Noun

sal (uncountable)

1. (chemistry, obsolete) Salt.

Usage notes

Was used predominantly to form the names of various chemical compounds.

Derived terms

• sal absinthii
• sal acetosellae
• sal alembroth
• sal ammoniac
• sal catharticus
• sal culinarius
• sal cyrenaicus
• sal de duobus
• sal diureticus
• sal duplicatum
• sal enixum
• sal gemmae
• sal jovis
• sal martis
• sal microcosmicum
• sal plumbi
• sal prunella
• sal Saturni
• sal sedativus
• sal seignette
• sal soda
• sal vitrioli
• sal volatile

Etymology 2

From Hindi साल (sāl), from Sanskrit शाल (śāla).

Alternative forms

• shaal, shala, saul

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑːl/

Noun

sal (plural sals)

1. Shorea robusta, a dipterocarpaceous tree.
   • 1989, Thomas Weber, Hugging the trees: the story of the Chipko movement, page 18:

     As the sals were cut in the lower foothill districts the loggers looked towards the mountains in their search for other hardwood timber.

Translations

Shorea robusta, a dipterocarpaceous tree

• Bengali: শাল (bn) (śal)
• Bulgarian: сал (bg) m (sal)
• Hindi: साल (hi) (sāl)
• Japanese: 沙羅 (ja) (sara), 沙羅 (ja) (shara)
• Maithili: साल (sāl)
• Malayalam: കൈമരുത് (kaimarutŭ)
• Nepali: साल (sāl)
• Portuguese: sal (pt) m
• Sanskrit: शाल (sa) m (śāla)

See also

• sal sac

Etymology 3

Coined by Eduard Suess in 1909, in Das Antlitz der Erde, as a blend of translingual Si (silicon) +‎ Al (aluminum).

Alternative forms

• Sal

Noun

sal (uncountable)

1. (geology) Alternative form of sial.
   • 1923 March, G. Vibert Douglas, A.V. Douglas, “Note on the Interpretation of the Wegener Frequency Curve”, in Geological Magazine‎^[3], volume 60, number 3, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, page 108:

     Wegener bases his theory of the drifting continents on the assumption that there are two distinct levels to be taken into account, the surface of the masses of "sal" which form the continents and the surface of the "sima" in which they float.

Anagrams

• ALS, ALs, ASL, LAs, LSA, SLA, a/s/l, al's, als, asl, las

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch zal, singular of zullen, from Middle Dutch sullen, from Old Dutch *sulan, from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sal/

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

sal (present sal, past sou)

1. shall, will

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin sal.

Noun

sal f (plural sals)

1. salt

References

• Bal Palazios, Santiago (2002), “sal”, in Dizionario breu de a luenga aragonesa, Zaragoza, →ISBN

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin salem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsal/ [ˈsal]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: sal

Noun

sal m (plural sales)

1. salt

Azerbaijani

sal (etymology 1 sense 1)

sal (etymology 2, noun sense 1)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɑɫ]

• Audio (Baku):

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Turkic *sāl.

Noun

sal (definite accusative salı, plural sallar)

2. raft (wooden)

Declension

Declension of sal

	singular	plural
nominative	sal	sallar
definite accusative	salı	salları
dative	sala	sallara
locative	salda	sallarda
ablative	saldan	sallardan
definite genitive	salın	salların

Possessive forms of sal

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salım	sallarım
sənin (“your”)	salın	salların
onun (“his/her/its”)	salı	salları
bizim (“our”)	salımız	sallarımız
sizin (“your”)	salınız	sallarınız
onların (“their”)	salı or salları	salları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımı	sallarımı
sənin (“your”)	salını	sallarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	salını	sallarını
bizim (“our”)	salımızı	sallarımızı
sizin (“your”)	salınızı	sallarınızı
onların (“their”)	salını or sallarını	sallarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salıma	sallarıma
sənin (“your”)	salına	sallarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	salına	sallarına
bizim (“our”)	salımıza	sallarımıza
sizin (“your”)	salınıza	sallarınıza
onların (“their”)	salına or sallarına	sallarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımda	sallarımda
sənin (“your”)	salında	sallarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	salında	sallarında
bizim (“our”)	salımızda	sallarımızda
sizin (“your”)	salınızda	sallarınızda
onların (“their”)	salında or sallarında	sallarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımdan	sallarımdan
sənin (“your”)	salından	sallarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	salından	sallarından
bizim (“our”)	salımızdan	sallarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	salınızdan	sallarınızdan
onların (“their”)	salından or sallarından	sallarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımın	sallarımın
sənin (“your”)	salının	sallarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	salının	sallarının
bizim (“our”)	salımızın	sallarımızın
sizin (“your”)	salınızın	sallarınızın
onların (“their”)	salının or sallarının	sallarının

Etymology 2

Likely from Proto-Turkic *sal- (“throw, lower, put; heavy”); see Azerbaijani salmaq.

Noun

sal (definite accusative salı, plural sallar)

2. monolith (a large, single block of stone)

Declension

Declension of sal

	singular	plural
nominative	sal	sallar
definite accusative	salı	salları
dative	sala	sallara
locative	salda	sallarda
ablative	saldan	sallardan
definite genitive	salın	salların

Possessive forms of sal

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salım	sallarım
sənin (“your”)	salın	salların
onun (“his/her/its”)	salı	salları
bizim (“our”)	salımız	sallarımız
sizin (“your”)	salınız	sallarınız
onların (“their”)	salı or salları	salları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımı	sallarımı
sənin (“your”)	salını	sallarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	salını	sallarını
bizim (“our”)	salımızı	sallarımızı
sizin (“your”)	salınızı	sallarınızı
onların (“their”)	salını or sallarını	sallarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salıma	sallarıma
sənin (“your”)	salına	sallarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	salına	sallarına
bizim (“our”)	salımıza	sallarımıza
sizin (“your”)	salınıza	sallarınıza
onların (“their”)	salına or sallarına	sallarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımda	sallarımda
sənin (“your”)	salında	sallarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	salında	sallarında
bizim (“our”)	salımızda	sallarımızda
sizin (“your”)	salınızda	sallarınızda
onların (“their”)	salında or sallarında	sallarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımdan	sallarımdan
sənin (“your”)	salından	sallarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	salından	sallarından
bizim (“our”)	salımızdan	sallarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	salınızdan	sallarınızdan
onların (“their”)	salından or sallarından	sallarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımın	sallarımın
sənin (“your”)	salının	sallarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	salının	sallarının
bizim (“our”)	salımızın	sallarımızın
sizin (“your”)	salınızın	sallarınızın
onların (“their”)	salının or sallarının	sallarının

Adjective

sal (comparative daha sal, superlative ən sal)

1. whole, unbroken, of one piece

Verb

sal

1. second-person singular imperative of salmaq

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Persian سال.

Noun

sal (definite accusative salı, plural sallar)

1. (Classical Azerbaijani) year

   Synonyms: il, sənə, am

Declension

Declension of sal

	singular	plural
nominative	sal	sallar
definite accusative	salı	salları
dative	sala	sallara
locative	salda	sallarda
ablative	saldan	sallardan
definite genitive	salın	salların

Possessive forms of sal

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salım	sallarım
sənin (“your”)	salın	salların
onun (“his/her/its”)	salı	salları
bizim (“our”)	salımız	sallarımız
sizin (“your”)	salınız	sallarınız
onların (“their”)	salı or salları	salları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımı	sallarımı
sənin (“your”)	salını	sallarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	salını	sallarını
bizim (“our”)	salımızı	sallarımızı
sizin (“your”)	salınızı	sallarınızı
onların (“their”)	salını or sallarını	sallarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salıma	sallarıma
sənin (“your”)	salına	sallarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	salına	sallarına
bizim (“our”)	salımıza	sallarımıza
sizin (“your”)	salınıza	sallarınıza
onların (“their”)	salına or sallarına	sallarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımda	sallarımda
sənin (“your”)	salında	sallarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	salında	sallarında
bizim (“our”)	salımızda	sallarımızda
sizin (“your”)	salınızda	sallarınızda
onların (“their”)	salında or sallarında	sallarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımdan	sallarımdan
sənin (“your”)	salından	sallarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	salından	sallarından
bizim (“our”)	salımızdan	sallarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	salınızdan	sallarınızdan
onların (“their”)	salından or sallarından	sallarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	salımın	sallarımın
sənin (“your”)	salının	sallarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	salının	sallarının
bizim (“our”)	salımızın	sallarımızın
sizin (“your”)	salınızın	sallarınızın
onların (“their”)	salının or sallarının	sallarının

Further reading

• “sal” in Obastan.com.

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan sal, from Latin sāl.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈsal]

• Audio (Catalonia):

  (file)

Noun

sal f (plural sals)

1. salt

Related terms

• salar

References

• “sal”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
• “sal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026
• “sal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• Alcover, Antoni Maria; Moll, Francesc de Borja (1963), “sal”, in Diccionari català-valencià-balear (in Catalan)

Chairel

Noun

sal

1. sun

References

• W. McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill tribes with a comparative vocabulary of the Munnipore and other languages (1859, Calcutta: Bengal Printing Company)

Chavacano

Etymology

Inherited from Spanish sal (“salt”).

Noun

sal

1. salt

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse salr, from Proto-Germanic *saliz, cognate with German Saal, Dutch zaal. The Germanic word was borrowed to French salon.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsæˀl]

Noun

sal c (singular definite salen, plural indefinite sale)

1. hall, room
2. floor (storey of a building)

   Synonym: etage

Declension

Declension of sal

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	sal	salen	sale	salene
genitive	sals	salens	sales	salenes

Derived terms

• retssal

Further reading

• “sal” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “sal” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sal/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: sal

Interjection

sal

1. (colloquial) clipping of saluton (“hello”)

Further reading

• “sal”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

Galician

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese sal, from Latin salem. Compare Portuguese sal.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [s̺al]

Noun

sal m (plural sales)

1. salt

   No camiño me colleno co'aquelas pedras de sal que o sol fixo de agua doce misturada coa do mar.

   In the way, I picked up with those salt stones that the sun made from fresh water mixed with sea water.

Derived terms

• saleiro

Related terms

• As Saíñas

References

• “sal”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “sal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, editor (2006–2013), “sal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, Ernesto X. González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “sal”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “sal”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

sal

1. sun, day, daytime
2. a 24 hour period
3. weather
4. classifier for days

Derived terms

• salgipeng

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

Inherited from Portuguese sal, from Old Galician-Portuguese sal, from Latin salem. Cognate with Kabuverdianu sal.

Noun

sal

1. salt

Icelandic

Noun

sal

1. indefinite accusative singular of salur
2. indefinite dative singular of salur

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch zaal, from Middle Dutch sale, from Old Dutch sala, from Proto-West Germanic *sali, from Proto-Germanic *saliz, from Proto-Indo-European *sol-, *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate of Afrikaans saal (“hall, large room”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈsal/ [ˈsal]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: sal

Noun

sal (plural sal-sal)

1. a large room, hall
2. (healthcare, medicine) ward

Synonyms

• bangsal

Further reading

• “sal”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Interlingua

Noun

sal (plural sales)

1. salt (substance consisting of positive and negative ions)

Related terms

• salin

Irish

Noun

sal f (genitive singular saile) or
sal m (genitive singular sail)

1. alternative form of sail (“dirt; stain”)

Declension

As masculine first-declension noun:

Declension of sal (first declension, no plural)

bare forms singular nominative sal vocative a shail genitive sail dative sal forms with the definite article singular nominative an sal genitive an tsail dative leis an sal don sal

As feminine second-declension noun:

Declension of sal (second declension, no plural)

bare forms singular nominative sal vocative a shal genitive saile dative sal forms with the definite article singular nominative an tsal genitive na saile dative leis an tsal don tsal

Mutation

Mutated forms of sal

radical	lenition	eclipsis
sal	shal after an, tsal	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Istriot

Etymology

From Latin salem.

Noun

sal ?

1. salt

Judeo-Tat

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts

Proto-Iranian *carHdáh

Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d)

Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (sāl)

Classical Persian سَال (sāl)

Judeo-Tat sal

Inherited from Classical Persian سَال (sāl), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (sāl), from Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d), from Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sal/

Noun

sal

1. year

References

• Нафталиев, М. Н. (2015), “sal”, in Е. М. Назарова, editor, Еврейско (джуури)-русский словарь [Juhuri–Russian Dictionary]‎^[4], Moscow: СТМЭГИ, page 426
• Агарунов, Я.; Агарунов, М. (2010), Большой словарь языка горских евреев джуури [Large Dictionary of the Juhuri Language of Mountain Jews]‎^[5] (in Russian), Baku: Абилов, Зейналов и сыновья, page 217

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

Inherited from Portuguese sal, from Old Galician-Portuguese sal, from Latin salem. Cognate with Guinea-Bissau Creole sal.

Noun

sal

1. salt

Proper noun

sal

1. (Sal) Sal
2. One of the ten islands of Cape Verde

Karaim

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *sāl.

Noun

sal

1. raft

References

• N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “sal”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ [Karaim-Russian-Polish Dictionary], Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *sāls, from Proto-Indo-European *sḗh₂l. The contrast between long ā in the nominative singular and short a in the oblique forms has been interpreted as an archaic ablaut pattern that may be paralleled by pār-paris, mās-maris, and lār-laris.

Cognates include Latvian sāls, Old Armenian աղ (ał), Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls), Tocharian A sāle, Old English sealt (English salt), Proto-Slavic *solь and borrowed into Etruscan 𐌀𐌋𐌑𐌀𐌔𐌄 (alśase).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈsaːɫ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈsal]
• There is only limited attestation of the length of the vowel in the nominative singular: one line in Statius and one in Ausonius. The grammarian Priscian describes sal as containing a short vowel, whereas it is later described as long by the anonymous author of the Ars Bernensis and by Rabanus Maurus.

Noun

sāl m or n (genitive salis); third declension

1. salt

   cum grānō salis ― with a grain of salt

   • 89 CE – 96 CE, Statius, Silvae 4.9.36 (Phalaecian hendecasyllable):

     non sal oxyporumve caseusve

     • 2015 translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Christopher A. Parrott

       no salt, no condiment, no cheese?

   • 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 1.337–338:

     ante, deōs hominī quod conciliāre valēret,
     fār erat et pūrī lūcida mīca salis

     Formerly, what served to win the favor of the gods to man
     was emmer and the glittering grain of pure salt.

   • c. 310 CE – c. 394 CE, Ausonius, epigrammata 96:

     Dodra ex dodrante est. Sic collige: ius aqua vinum
     sal oleum panis mel piper herba, novem.

     • 1921 translation by Hugh G. Evelyn White

       Dodra ("nines") is from dodrans (nine-twelfths). Thus compound: broth, water, wine, salt, oil, bread, honey, pepper, herbs: there's nine!

   • c. 1300 – 1350, Henry of Friemar:

     Sal, oleum, chrisma, cereus, chrismale, saliva, / flatus: virtutem baptismatis ista figurant. / Hec cum patrinis non mutant esse, sed ornant.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (figurative) wit
3. (poetic) brine, salt water, the sea
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.35:

     vēla dabant laetī, et spūmās salis aere ruēbant

     [The Trojans] were gladly spreading their sails, and churning the foam of the salt water with their bronze [prows].

Usage notes

• Occasionally neuter in the singular: this affects the form of the accusative case (sāl when neuter, salem when masculine) and the agreement of associated adjectives and pronouns. The neuter nominative/accusative/vocative singular form can alternatively be sale, e.g. in Ennius Ann. 385 and Varro d. Non. 223, 17.
• In the nominative and accusative plural, the word is found only in the masculine gender, with the form salēs.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	sāl	salēs
genitive	salis	salum
dative	salī	salibus
accusative	salem sāl	salēs
ablative	sale	salibus
vocative	sāl	salēs

Derived terms

• salō
• salīnum
• salio
• sāl petrae (stone salt; that is, found as an incrustation)

Descendants

• Aromanian: sari, sare
• Asturian: sal
• Catalan: sal
• Corsican: sale
• Emilian: sèl
• Franco-Provençal: sâl
• Friulian: sâl
• Istriot: sal
• Italian: sale m
• Lombard: saa
• Megleno-Romanian: sari
• Mirandese: sal
• Occitan: sal, sau
  • Gallo-Italic of Sicily: sau f
• Old French: sel m
  • Middle French: sel
    • French: sel
  • Franc-Comtois: sâ
  • Norman: sé, saïl
  • Walloon: sé
• Old Galician-Portuguese: sal m
  • Galician: sal m
  • Portuguese: sal m (see there for further descendants)
• Old Spanish: sal f
  • Spanish: sal f (see there for further descendants)
• Piedmontese: sal
• Romagnol: sêl
• Romanian: sare f
• Romansh: sal, sel
• Sardinian: sale
• Sicilian: sali
• Venetan: sal, sałe

Further reading

• “sal”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sal”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “sal”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Malay

Etymology

Apheretic form of asal.

Adverb

sal

1. (colloquial) alternative form of apa pasal

Maltese

Root
s-w-l
1 term

Etymology

Inherited from Arabic صَالَ (ṣāla).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saːl/
• Rhymes: -aːl

Verb

sal (imperfect jsul, past participle misul)

1. to rear up

Conjugation

Conjugation of sal (Form I, hollow, a ~ u)

positive forms
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	solt	solt	sal	solna	soltu	salu
	f			salet
imperfect	m	nsul	ssul	jsul	nsulu	ssulu	jsulu
	f			ssul
imperative			sul			sulu
negative forms
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	soltx	soltx	salx	solniex	soltux	salux
	f			salitx
imperfect	m	nsulx	ssulx	jsulx	nsulux	ssulux	jsulux
	f			ssulx
imperative			ssulx			ssulux

Mauritian Creole

Etymology

From French sale.

Adjective

sal

1. dirty

   Synonyms: malang, makote

   Antonym: prop

Related terms

• salte

References

• Baker, Philip; Hookoomsing, Vinesh Y. (1987), Diksiyoner kreol morisyeṅ [Mauritian Creole Dictionary] (in French and English), Paris: L'Harmattan, →ISBN, page 282
• Carpooran, Arnaud (2011), Diksioner Morisien [Mauritian Dictionary] (in Mauritian Creole), second edition, Éditions Le Printemps, →ISBN, page 935

Middle Dutch

Verb

sal

1. first/third-person singular present indicative of sullen

Mizo

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *sal.

Noun

sal

1. slave, captive
2. men or boys in a household

Derived terms

• pasal

Further reading

• Lorrain, J. Herbert (1940), “sal”, in Dictionary of the Lushai language, Calcutta: Asiatic Society

Narango

Noun

sal

1. (Narango, Nambel) road

References

• Tryon, D. T. (1976), New Hebrides languages: An internal classification (Pacific Linguistics; C-50)‎^[6], Canberra, ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *carHdáh. May have developped under the influence of Persian سال, as it may be in other Iranic languages, since it occurs as derived from *serd in more isolated Northwest Iranic languages, compare Zazaki serre, Parthian [Term?] (/⁠sarδ⁠/) and also Northern Kurdish sere, navsere.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑːl/

Noun

sal f

1. year

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑːl/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Danish sal, from Old Norse salr, from Proto-Germanic *salą.

Noun

sal m (definite singular salen, indefinite plural saler, definite plural salene)

1. hall (large room in which parties, meetings etc. are held)

Derived terms

• ballsal
• forelesningssal
• gymnastikksal
• gymsal
• konsertsal
• rettssal

Etymology 2

From Old Norse sǫðull, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz. The inherited Danish spelling is sadel (now partially displaced). The spelling sal was reinforced by Nynorsk (see below), but the according pronunciation must have been common already in Dano-Norwegian and, in fact, was formerly not unknown in Denmark itself.

Noun

sal m (definite singular salen, indefinite plural saler, definite plural salene)

1. saddle (implement placed on an animal; but not usually on a two-wheeler, for which sete)
2. (geology, mathematics) saddle (anticline)
3. (music) saddle (on a stringed instrument)

Alternative forms

• sadel (less common in the literal sense, but predominant in figurative senses)

Derived terms

• kløvsal
• pakksal
• ridesal

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

sal

1. singular imperative of sale (“to saddle”)

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Norwegian Nynorsk sal.

Noun

sal n (definite singular salet, indefinite plural sal, definite plural sala or salene)

1. form removed with the spelling reform of 1981; superseded by salg (“sale”)

References

• “sal” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “sal” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑːl/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse salr, from Proto-Germanic *saliz.

Noun

sal m (definite singular salen, indefinite plural salar, definite plural salane)

1. a large room in which parties and meetings and similar are held; a hall

Derived terms

• ballsal
• forelesningssal
• gymnastikksal
• gymsal
• konsertsal
• rettssal

Etymology 2

From Old Norse sǫðull, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz.

Noun

sal m (definite singular salen, indefinite plural salar, definite plural salane)

1. a saddle

Related terms

• sala, sale

Etymology 3

From Old Norse sal (“payment”).

Noun

sal n (definite singular salet, indefinite plural sal, definite plural sala)

1. a sale

Related terms

• selja, selje
• marknad

References

• “sal” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• als-, las, sla

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sail, from Proto-Germanic *sailą (“rope”).

Cognate with Old Saxon sēl (Dutch zeel), Old High German seil (German Seil).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑːl/
• Rhymes: -ɑːl

Noun

sāl m

1. rope, cord, rein

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	sāl	sālas
accusative	sāl	sālas
genitive	sāles	sāla
dative	sāle	sālum

Descendants

• Middle English: sal, sole, soole
  • Scots: sale, saill, saile, seill, seale
  • English: sole

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin salem. Cognate with Old Spanish sal f and Old French sel m.

Noun

sal m (plural sales)

1. salt

Descendants

• Galician: sal m
• Portuguese: sal m (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• Universo Cantigas - "sal"

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *salā.

Noun

sal f (genitive saile)

1. dirt
2. filth, stain
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 92^d12

     .i. ní do is ainm du grés pullutum dun elled ass·lentar huanaib salaib corpt[h]aib acht is ainm cac[h] la cein du cach escmun as·lentar hua drochgnimaib.

     It is not for that the term pollutum refers to pollution whereby one is defiled by bodily stains; other times, it is also a term for every impure one who is defiled by bad deeds.

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	salL	sailL	salaH
vocative	salL	sailL	salaH
accusative	sailN	sailL	salaH
genitive	saileH	salL	salN
dative	sailL	salaib	salaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Related terms

• salach

Descendants

• Irish: sail
• Scottish Gaelic: sal

Mutation

Mutation of sal

radical	lenition	nasalization
sal	ṡal	sal

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “sal”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Noun

sal

1. accusative/dative singular of salr

Old Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin salem m. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese sal m and Old French sel m.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsal/

Noun

sal f (plural sales)

1. salt
   • c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 61r:

     Et ſu p̃priedat es de aborrecer la ſal tanto que biẽ parece que a entramas grand enemiztat. ca ſi las ponen en uno. quiebra la piedra ⁊ mueles; ⁊ la ſal pierde la ſalgadumbre que a en ella.

     And its property is that it loathes salt so much that it would seem that there is a great enmity between them both, for if they are placed together, the stone breaks, and the salt loses all the saltiness within.

Related terms

• salado
• salgadumbre
• salgadura

Descendants

• Spanish: sal f (see there for further descendants)

Piedmontese

Etymology

From Latin salem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sal/

Noun

sal m or f

1. salt

Portuguese

Saleiros com sal.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsaw/ [ˈsaʊ̯]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈsal/ [ˈsaɫ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈsal/ [ˈsaɫ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈsa.li/

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
• Hyphenation: sal

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese sal, from Latin salem (“salt, wit”). Compare Galician sal.

Noun

sal m (plural sais)

1. salt (sodium chloride, a substance used as a condiment and preservative)

   Synonyms: cloreto de sódio, sal de cozinha

2. (chemistry) salt (any compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base)
3. (usually in the plural) bath salt (any of several inorganic salts sometimes added to bath water)

   Synonym: sal de banho

4. (figurative) wit; the quality of being engaging

   Synonym: graça

Derived terms

• dessalar / dessar
• domo de sal
• meio sal
• sal ácido
• sal amargo
• sal amoníaco
• sal ático
• sal básico
• sal comum
• sal curado
• sal de cozinha
• sal de mesa
• sal de rocha
• sal duplo
• sal fino
• sal grosso
• sal interno
• sal-de-azedas
• sal-gema
• saleiro
• salificar
• salzinho (diminutive)
• sem sal

Related terms

• assalariado
• assalariar
• dessalgar
• dessalificar
• halo-
• halófilo
• haloterapia
• insosso / ensosso / insonso
• insulso
• salada
• salário
• salga
• salgação
• salgadeira
• salgadiço
• salgadinho
• salgado
• salgadura
• salgar
• salífero
• salina
• salitre
• salmoura / salmoira
• salsa

Descendants

• Guinea-Bissau Creole: sal
• Kabuverdianu: sal

Etymology 2

Noun

sal m (plural sais)

1. (rare) sal (Shorea robusta, a dipterocarpaceous tree)

Further reading

• “sal”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “sal”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Rohingya

Alternative forms

• 𐴏𐴝𐴓𐴢 (sal) — Hanifi Rohingya script

Noun

sal (Hanifi spelling 𐴏𐴝𐴓𐴢)

1. roof

Romanian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish شال (Turkish şal, from Persian شال (šâl).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sal/

Noun

sal n (plural saluri)

1. (rare) shawl, scarf

   Synonym: șal

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	sal	salul	saluri	salurile
genitive-dative	sal	salului	saluri	salurilor
vocative	salule		salurilor

Etymology 2

Shortened form of salut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa(ː)l/

Interjection

sal!

1. (informal) hey!

   Synonym: salut

2. (informal) bye!

   Synonyms: salut, pa

Romansh

Alternative forms

• sel (Puter)

Etymology

From Latin salem.

Noun

sal m

1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Vallader) salt

Roria

Noun

sal

1. road

References

• Tryon, D. T. (1976), New Hebrides languages: An internal classification (Pacific Linguistics; C-50)‎^[7], Canberra, ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University

Salar

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sāl. Cognate with Azerbaijani and Turkish sal, etc.

Pronunciation

• (Xunhua, Qinghai; Gansu) IPA^(key): /sɑ̥l/
• (Ili, Xinjiang) IPA^(key): /sɑl/

Noun

sal (3rd person possessive salı, plural sallar)

1. raft

Declension

Declension of sal

	singular	plural
nominative	sal	sallar
genitive	salniği	sallarniği
dative	sala	sallara
definite accusative	salnı	sallarnı
locative	salda	sallarda
ablative	saldan	sallardan
instrumental	salla	sallarla
pronominal	salğı	sallarğı
indefinite article	sal-or	sallar-or
definite article	salcük	sallarcük

Possessive declension of sal

	nominative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	salım	salımlar
siniği ("your")	salıñ	salıñlar
aniği ("their")	salı	salılar
piserniği ("our")	salımız	salımızlar
selerniği ("your")	salıñız	salıñızlar
ularniği ("their")	salı	salılar
	accusative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	salımnı	salımlarnı
siniği ("your")	salıñnı	salıñlarnı
aniği ("their")	salını	salılarnı
piserniği ("our")	salımıznı	salımızlarnı
selerniği ("your")	salıñıznı	salıñızlarnı
ularniği ("their")	salını	salılarnı
	dative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	salıma	salımlara
siniği ("your")	salıña	salıñlara
aniği ("their")	salığa	salılara
piserniği ("our")	salımıza	salımızlara
selerniği ("your")	salıñıza	salıñızlara
ularniği ("their")	salığa	salılara
	locative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	salımda	salımlarda
siniği ("your")	salıñda	salıñlarda
aniği ("their")	salıda	salılarda
piserniği ("our")	salımızda	salımızlarda
selerniği ("your")	salıñızda	salıñızlarda
ularniği ("their")	salıda	salılarda
	ablative
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	salımdan	salımlardan
siniği ("your")	salıñdan	salıñlardan
aniği ("their")	salıdan	salılardan
piserniği ("our")	salımızdan	salımızlardan
selerniği ("your")	salıñızdan	salıñızlardan
ularniği ("their")	salıdan	salılardan
	instrumental
	singular	plural
miniği ("my")	salımla	salımlarla
siniği ("your")	salıñla	salıñlarla
aniği ("their")	salıla	salılarla
piserniği ("our")	salımızla	salımızlarla
selerniği ("your")	salıñızla	salıñızlarla
ularniği ("their")	salıla	salılarla

Derived terms

• sal vurğusı (“to ride a raft”)
• sal kürek (“oar”)

References

• Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “sal”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow: Nauka, page 471
• 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985), “sal”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[8], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 130
• Yakup, Abdurishid (2002), “sal”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎^[9], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 156
• 舍秀存 [She Xiucun] (2015), “sal”, in 撒拉语语音研究 [Salar Phonetic Research]‎^[10], China: 上海大学出版社, →ISBN, page 317

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsal/ [ˈsal]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: sal

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Spanish sal, from Latin salem (compare Catalan sal f, French sel m, Italian sale m, Portuguese sal m, Romanian sare f; also English salt). It is not known how the noun became feminine.

Noun

sal f (plural sales)

1. salt; table salt

   Synonyms: sal común, sal de mesa

2. (chemistry) salt
3. (Central America, Mexico, Dominican Republic, colloquial) bad luck, misfortune

Derived terms

• agua salada
• aguasal
• pan de sal
• sal común
• sal de baño
• sal de cocina
• sal de la tierra
• sal de mesa
• sal de nitro
• sal inglesa
• sal marina
• salero
• salino
• salobre
• salpicar

Related terms

• ensalada
• salado
• salar (verb)
• salitre
• salmuera
• salso, salsa

Descendants

• → Navajo: sáál
• Papiamentu: salu
• → Ye'kwana: saayu

Etymology 2

Verb

sal

1. second-person singular imperative of salir

   Salte de aquí!

   Get out of here!

Usage notes

When the pronoun le is added to this verb, the most accurate result is morphologically salle, with a pronunciation of /ˈsal.le/. However, the Royal Spanish Academy considers this usage incorrect in written language because the digraph "ll" usually represents a palatal consonant such as /ʝ/, /ʎ/, /j/, or in Argentina and Uruguay, /ʃ/ or /ʒ/ and it would be read with a palatal consonant, being correct only in spoken language. Orthographically, there is no correct form of the second-person singular imperative of this verb with the pronoun le. The plural salles is included.

Further reading

• “sal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Sumerian

Romanization

sal

1. romanization of 𒊩 (sal)

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse salr, from Proto-Germanic *saliz, from Proto-Indo-European *sol-, *sel-.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

sal c

1. a large room, a hall (often for more-or-less public activities)

   föreläsningssal

   lecture hall

   skolans matsal

   the school's dining hall

Declension

Declension of sal

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	sal	sals
	definite	salen	salens
plural	indefinite	salar	salars
	definite	salarna	salarnas

Related terms

• hörsal
• läsesal
• matsal

References

• “sal”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “sal”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “sal”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

• als

Tat

Etymology

Cognate with Persian سال (sāl).

Noun

sal

1. year

Tocharian B

Adjective

sal

1. dirty

Turkish

sal

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑɫ/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish صال (sal, “raft; wine press”), from Proto-Turkic *sāl (“raft”). Cognate with Kazakh сал (sal).

Noun

sal (definite accusative salı, plural sallar)

1. raft
2. synonym of tabut

Declension

Declension of sal

singular plural nominative sal sallar definite accusative salı salları dative sala sallara locative salda sallarda ablative saldan sallardan genitive salın salların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular salım sallarım 2nd singular salın salların 3rd singular salı salları 1st plural salımız sallarımız 2nd plural salınız sallarınız 3rd plural salları salları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular salımı sallarımı 2nd singular salını sallarını 3rd singular salını sallarını 1st plural salımızı sallarımızı 2nd plural salınızı sallarınızı 3rd plural sallarını sallarını dative singular plural 1st singular salıma sallarıma 2nd singular salına sallarına 3rd singular salına sallarına 1st plural salımıza sallarımıza 2nd plural salınıza sallarınıza 3rd plural sallarına sallarına locative singular plural 1st singular salımda sallarımda 2nd singular salında sallarında 3rd singular salında sallarında 1st plural salımızda sallarımızda 2nd plural salınızda sallarınızda 3rd plural sallarında sallarında ablative singular plural 1st singular salımdan sallarımdan 2nd singular salından sallarından 3rd singular salından sallarından 1st plural salımızdan sallarımızdan 2nd plural salınızdan sallarınızdan 3rd plural sallarından sallarından genitive singular plural 1st singular salımın sallarımın 2nd singular salının sallarının 3rd singular salının sallarının 1st plural salımızın sallarımızın 2nd plural salınızın sallarınızın 3rd plural sallarının sallarının Predicative forms singular plural 1st singular salım sallarım 2nd singular salsın sallarsın 3rd singular sal saldır sallar sallardır 1st plural salız sallarız 2nd plural salsınız sallarsınız 3rd plural sallar sallardır

Derived terms

• kumsal
• salcı
• sallı

Further reading

• “sal”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “sal”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “sal”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

sal

1. second-person singular imperative of salmak

Venetan

Alternative forms

• sale, sałe

Etymology

From Latin salem.

Noun

sal m (plural sałi)

1. salt (sodium chloride, non-chemical usage)

Noun

sal m (plural sali)

1. (chemistry) salt

Volapük

Noun

sal (genitive sala, plural sals)

1. salt
   • 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: V:

     Binols sal taleda; ab if sal vedonöv nensmelik, me kin osalöfükoy üfo?

     You are salt for the earth. But if salt loses its taste, what can make it salty again?

Declension

Declension of sal

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sal	sals
Genitive	sala	salas
Dative	sale	sales
Accusative	sali	salis
Predicative1	salu	salus
Vocative	o sal	o sals

1. Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

Derived terms

• saliär
• salöfik

Further reading

• “sal”, in Vödabuk (in English, Esperanto, and Volapük)