on

See also: Appendix:Variations of "on"

Languages (53)

Azerbaijani • Basque • Catalan • Central Franconian • Classical Nahuatl • Cornish • Crimean Tatar • Czech • Dutch • Estonian • Finnish • French • German • Guerrero Nahuatl • Iberian • Ido • Interlingua • Japanese • Juǀ'hoan • Karaim • Karelian • Lombard • Low German • Middle English • Northern Sami • Occitan • Old Czech • Old English • Old French • Old Frisian • Old Irish • Old Polish • Polish • Romani • Romansh • Rotuman • Salar • Sedang • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • Slovene • Southeastern Tepehuan • Swedish • Tagalog • Tewa • Turkish • Turkmen • Venetan • Volapük • Votic • Walloon • Yola

Page categories

English

Pronunciation

enPR: ŏn
- (Received Pronunciation, New Zealand, Eastern New England) IPA^(key): /ɒn/
  - (New Zealand) IPA^(key): [ɔ̟n] ~ [ɞ̠n]
- (Standard Southern British, Australia, Scotland) IPA^(key): /ɔn/
  - Audio (Standard Southern British): (file)
  - Audio (Australia): (file)
- (Northern US or cot–caught merger) IPA^(key): /ɑn/
  - Audio (US); /ɑn/: (file)
  - Audio (General American): (file)
- (Canada) IPA^(key): [ɒːn ~ ɔːn]
- (Ireland) IPA^(key): /ɒn/
  - (Dublin) IPA^(key): /än/
(Southern US, Midland US, Philadelphia, Baltimore) enPR: ŏn IPA^(key): /ɔn/
Homophone: awn (cot–caught merger, Midland US, Southern US)
Rhymes: -ɒn, -ɔːn

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Germanic *an

Proto-West Germanic *ana

Old English on

Middle English on

English on

From Middle English on, from Old English on, an (“on, upon, onto, in, into”), from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“on, onto”).

Cognates

Cognate with Yola a, an, ana, on (“on”), Saterland Frisian an (“on; at”), West Frisian oan (“on; to, towards”), Cimbrian aan, å (“on, onto”), Dutch aan (“on; at”), Low German an (“on; at, to”), German an (“at, in; on”), Luxembourgish un (“on; at, to”), Yiddish אָן (on, “on, onward”), Danish, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish å (“on”), Elfdalian ą̊ (“on”), Faroese and Icelandic á (“in; on”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana, “at, on”); also Umbrian 𐌀𐌌- (am-), 𐌀𐌍- (an-, “up, upon”), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “on, upon”) (whence Greek ανά (aná, “by, through, per”)), Albanian në (“in; on”), Latvian no (“from; out of; for; of; with”), Lithuanian nuo (“from, off; for, of”), Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, and Ukrainian на (na, “on”), Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Slovene na (“on”), Serbo-Croatian на, na (“on”), Old Armenian ան- (an-, “at, on, unto”); and from Old Norse upp á: Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, and Swedish på (“on”), Norwegian Nynorsk paa, på (“on”), see upon.

Adjective

on (not comparable)

In the state of being active, functioning or operating.
Antonym: off

All the lights are on, so they must be home.
Happening; taking place; being or due to be put into action.
We had to ration our food because there was a war on.

Some of the cast went down with flu, but the show's still on.

That TV programme that you wanted to watch is on now.

This is her last song. You're on next!

Are we still on for tonight?

Mike just threw coffee onto Paul's lap. It's on now.

England need a hundred runs, with twenty-five overs remaining. Game on!
1. (informal) Of a person, used to express agreement to or acceptance of a proposal or challenge made by that person; most commonly with subject "you" (see you're on).
  "Five bucks says the Cavs win tonight." ―"You're on!"
  
  If he wants a fight, he's on!
Fitted; covering or being worn.
Your feet will soon warm up once your socks are on.

I was trying to drink out of the bottle while the top was still on!
(postpositive) Of a stated part of something, oriented towards the viewer or other specified direction.
The photograph shows the UFO side on.

edge on, side on, end on, face on
(chiefly UK, informal, chiefly in the negative) Acceptable, appropriate.
It's not fair to do that – it's just not on.
- 1998 May 22, Phoenix Gamma, “If I was owned Nintendo...”, in alt.games.video.nintendo-64 (Usenet):
  This kind of over-packaging of goods is completely not on.
- 2003 August 12, DAB sounds worse than FM, “Gerg Dyke's Speech at Radio Festival”, in alt.radio.digital (Usenet):
  so Simon Nelson saying on Feedback "we'd prefer it if everybody listened to digital radio via DAB" is completely not on at all.
(chiefly in the negative) Possible; capable of being successfully carried out.
Climbing up that steep ridge isn't on. We'll have to find another route.

He'd like to play the red next to the black spot, but that shot isn't on.
(e.g. of points in a game) Available; remaining.
Smith is 25 points ahead with only 23 on.
(baseball, informal) Having reached a base as a runner and being positioned there, awaiting further action from a subsequent batter.
- 2019 February 24, Chris Kennedy, “Aggies Earn Series Win Over Yale in Sunday Finale”, in New Mexico State University Athletics‎^[3]:
  With one out and no men on, Tristen Carranza belted a ball to the opposite field for a solo home run to put the NM State deficit at just 2-1.
- 2019 April 6, Daniel Martinez-Krams, “Baseball Falls Short in Game 2 of UCLA Series”, in The Stanford Daily‎^[4]:
  Although Stanford was outhit 15-6, the Cardinal stranded eight runners to UCLA's three, hitting just 3-15 with runners on compared to the Bruin's 9-22.
(cricket) Within the half of the field on the same side as the batsman's legs; the left side for a right-handed batsman.
Synonym: leg Antonym: off

The captain moved two fielders to the on side.

Ponsonby-Smythe hit a thumping on drive.
(snooker, postpositive) Of a ball, being the next in sequence to be potted, according to the rules of the game.
If the player fails to hit the ball on, it's a foul.
(acting, drama, roleplaying games) Acting in character.
(informal, of a person) Performative or funny in a wearying manner.
He always has to be on, it's so exhausting.
(euphemistic) Menstruating.
- 2011, Hollie Smith Netmums, You and Your Tween: Managing the years from 9 to 13, Hachette, →ISBN:
  It still gets in the way of her doing things like swimming, and she avoids sleepovers when she's "on".

Synonyms

(baseball: positioned at a base): on base (not informal)

Translations

in the state of being active, functioning or operating

Arabic: فعّال (faʕʕāl, literally “active”)
Armenian: միացրած (miacʻrac)
Asturian: encendíu
Czech: zapnuto
Dutch: aan (nl), op (nl), actief (nl)
Estonian: sees (et)
Finnish: päällä (fi), -lla (fi), -llä (fi) (adessive case)
French: allumé (fr)
Galician: acendido m, prendido m
German: an (de), ein (de), eingeschaltet (de), angeschaltet (de)
Greek: ανοικτό (el) n (anoiktó)
Hungarian: bekapcsolva
Icelandic: kveiktur
Indonesian: menyala (id)
Italian: acceso (it)
Persian: روشن (fa) (rowšan), فعال (fa) (fa'âl)
Polish: włączony
Portuguese: ligado (pt)
Russian: вклю́ченный (ru) (vkljúčennyj), вкл. (vkl.) (abbreviation)
Scottish Gaelic: air
Slovak: zapnuté
Spanish: encendido (es), conectado (es)
Swedish: på (sv), igång (sv)
Zazaki: de (diq)

happening, take place

Indonesian: terjadi (id)

destined

Danish: på (da)
Finnish: no equivalent term in Finnish, but see olla menoa
French: parti (fr)
Greek: periphrastically
Italian: dentro (it)
Portuguese: destinar (pt)
Swedish: för (sv), på (sv)

cricket: in, or towards the half of the field on the same side as the batsman's legs

Finnish: on-puolella

Adverb

on (not comparable)

For idiomatic meanings of phrasal verbs, such as carry on, hang on, have on, try on, etc., please see the individual entries.

To an operating state.
turn the television on
So as to cover or be fitted.
The lid wasn't screwed on properly.

Put on your hat and gloves.
Along, forwards (continuing an action), onwards.
The policeman moved the tramp on.

Drive on past the railway station.

From now on things are going to be different.

rock on
- 2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport‎^[5]:
  He met Luis Suarez's cross at the far post, only for Chelsea keeper Petr Cech to show brilliant reflexes to deflect his header on to the bar. Carroll turned away to lead Liverpool's insistent protests that the ball had crossed the line but referee Phil Dowd and assistant referee Andrew Garratt waved play on, with even a succession of replays proving inconclusive.
In continuation, at length.
and so on

He rambled on and on.
(infrequent in the US) Later.
Ten years on, nothing had changed in the village.
Of betting odds, denoting a better-than-even chance. See also odds-on.
Antonym: against

That horse is twenty-to-one on, so you need to stake twenty pounds just to win one pound.
(snooker) Of a ball, into a pottable position.
The black was previously unavailable, but in potting that red, he's now pushed the black on.

Synonyms

(later): after, afterward/afterwards, later, subsequently, thence

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “active, functioning, operating”): off
(antonym(s) of “to an operating state”): off

Descendants

→ Tamil: ஆன் (āṉ)

Translations

to an operating state

Dutch: aan (nl)
Finnish: päälle (fi)
German: an (de), ein (de)
Greek: periphrastically
Italian: not used in Italian
Norwegian:
Bokmål: på (no)

Nynorsk: på
Persian: روشن (fa) (rowšan)
Swedish: på (sv)

to cover or be fitted

Indonesian: pasang (id), pakai (id)

continuing an action

Finnish: edelleen (fi)
French: encore (fr)
German: weiter (de)
Greek: periphrastically
Italian: not used in Italian
Slovak: ďalej
Swedish: på (sv), vidare (sv)

along, forwards (continuing an action)

Finnish: edelleen (fi)
French: encore (fr)
German: an (de)
Greek: periphrastically
Italian: ancora (it)
Slovak: ďalej
Swedish: vidare (sv)

Preposition

on

Indicating position or location.
1. Positioned at the upper surface of, touching from above.
  A vase of flowers stood on the table.
  
  Please lie down on the couch.
  
  The parrot was sitting on Jim's shoulder.
  
  We should go sailing on the lake together sometime.
  - 1845, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Bridge:
    I stood on the bridge at midnight.
2. Positioned at or resting against the outer surface of; attached to.
  He had a scar on the side of his face.
  
  There is a dirty smudge on this window.
  
  The painting hangs on the wall.
  
  The fruit ripened on the trees.
  
  Should there be an accent on the "e"?
3. Covering.
  He wore old shoes on his feet.
4. At or in (a geographical location or position).
  The lighthouse that you can see is on the mainland.
  
  The suspect is thought to still be on the campus.
5. At (a relative spatial position).
  We live on the edge of the city.
  
  on the left, on the right, on the side, on the bottom
6. Near; adjacent to; alongside; just off.
  The fleet is on the American coast.
  
  Croton-on-Hudson, Rostov-on-Don, Southend-on-Sea
7. Aboard (a mode of transport, especially public transport, or transport that one sits astride or uses while standing).
  on a bus, on a train, on a plane, on a ferry, on a yacht
  
  on a bicycle, on a motorbike, on a horse, on a scooter
8. (nautical) In the direction of (some part of one's vessel), to within 45 degrees.
  A ship was sighted on the port quarter.
  
  on the bow; on the starboard beam
Expressing figurative placement, burden, or attachment.
All of the responsibility is on him.

I put a bet on the winning horse.
Denoting physical contact or interaction with an object, such as impact or application of force.
1. With verbs describing an action of pushing, pulling, pressing, etc., designates the thing to which force is applied.
  tug on the rope; push hard on the door
2. With verbs describing an action of hitting, rubbing, scratching, binding against, etc., designates the thing impacted or contacted.
  I stubbed my toe on an old tree stump.
  
  I caught my fingernail on the door handle.
  
  The rope snagged on a branch.
3. Denoting performance or action by contact with the surface, upper part, or outside of anything By means of; with.
  to play on a violin or piano
Supported by (the specified part of itself).
A table can't stand on two legs.

After resting on his elbows, he stood on his toes, then walked on his heels.
(UK) At (a certain value or level).
The Tories are on twenty-five percent in this constituency.

The blue team are on six points and the red team on five.
At (a certain position within a sequence).
I'm on question four.
At or during the date or day of.
Born on the 4th of July.

On Sunday I'm busy. I'll see you on Monday.

Can I see you on a different day?
(UK, especially in sports reporting) At (a given time after the start of something).
Smith scored again on twelve minutes, doubling Mudchester Rovers' lead.
- 2011 September 24, Aled Williams, “Chelsea 4-1 Swansea”, in BBC Sport‎^[6], archived from the original on 3 January 2026:
  The Spain striker had given Chelsea the lead on 29 minutes but was shown a straight red card 10 minutes later for a rash challenge on Mark Gower.
At (an instant or cusp).
on the stroke of midnight; on the "B" of "Bang!"

on the point of leaving; on the verge of giving up
- 1923, Ernest Bramah [pseudonym; Ernest Brammah Smith], “(please specify the page)”, in The Eyes of Max Carrados, London: Grant Richards, →OCLC:
  About two weeks ago I had another foretaste of success and immediately on it a veritable disaster.
Dealing with the subject of; about; concerning.
I was reading a book on history.

The city hosted the World Summit on the Information Society

I have no opinion on this subject.
- 1869 May, Anthony Trollope, “Lady Milborough as Ambassador”, in He Knew He Was Right, volume I, London: Strahan and Company, […], →OCLC, page 85:
  [...] I received a note from that gentleman on a most trivial matter. I answered it as trivially.
Indicating a means or medium.
I saw it on television.

Can't you see I'm on the phone?

My favorite shows are on BBC America.

The Beatles' appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show is on YouTube.

The film was released on DVD.

I'll pay on card.

He travelled on false documents.
Indicating the target of, or thing affected by, an event or action.
They planned an attack on London.

The soldiers mutinied and turned their guns on their officers.

Her words made a lasting impression on my mind.

What will be the effect on morale?
(informal) In the possession of.
I haven't got any money on me.
Because of; upon the basis of (something not yet confirmed as true).
to arrest someone on suspicion of bribery

to contact someone on a hunch
(also often 'upon') At the time of (and often because of).
On Jack's entry, William got up to leave.

On the addition of ammonia, a chemical reaction begins.
- 1988 February 14, Louise Rice, quoting Angela Bowen, “Confronting The Mythology Of Motherhood”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 30, page 7:
  A young woman, before marriage, hears only the myths of wedded bliss. Later, on discovering the truth, she conspires with other women to conceal it.
(also often 'upon') Arrived or coming into the presence of.
I need to get my planting done, as the season will soon be on us.

Before we knew it, the forest was on us, and the air grew colder and damper.
Paid for by.
The drinks are on me tonight, boys.

The meal is on the house.

I paid for the airfare and meals for my family, but the hotel room was on the company.
Toward; for; indicating the object of an emotion.
Have pity or compassion on him.
(especially Ireland) Indicating the person experiencing an emotion, cold, thirst, hunger, etc.
I had a terrible thirst on me.
- 2013 February 27, Rosemary Sutcliff, The Shining Company, Random House, →ISBN:
  ' […] the hunger is on me to carry my sword in distant places.' Mynyddog bowed his head.
- 2017 January 24, Ruth Gilligan, Nine Folds Make a Paper Swan, Tin House Books, →ISBN:
  “Christ, the thirst on me.” “Sure, it's serious work, all that talk of independence.” The theater's stained-glass doors had first flung open in 1904, all in the hope of “rewriting the Irish identity,” of using culture in the fight […]
- 2017 August 29, Ralph Peters, Judgment at Appomattox: A Novel, Forge Books, →ISBN, page 18:
  “I've got the hunger on me, I do.” Riordan snorted. Hardly a man knew hunger as he did. The prison rations at Point Lookout, spare enough, had been a feast compared to the black years in Ireland. […]
Indicating a means of subsistence or sustenance.
They lived on ten dollars a week.

The dog survived three weeks on rainwater.
- 1950s, UK Egg Marketing Board advertising slogan.
  Go to work on an egg.
Engaged in or occupied with (an action or activity).
He's on his lunch break.

I'm on nights all this week.

on vacation; on holiday; on a mission; on the job; on the fiddle
Regularly taking (a drug).
You've been on these antidepressants far too long.
Under the influence of (a drug, or something that is causing drug-like effects).
He's acting crazy because he's on crack right now.
In addition to; besides; indicating multiplication or succession in a series.
heaps on heaps of food

mischief on mischief; loss on loss
Indicating dependence or reliance.
I depended on them for assistance.

He will promise on certain conditions.
Serving as a member of.
He is on the jury; I am on the committee.
By virtue of; with the pledge of.
He affirmed or promised on his word, or on his honour.
1. (informal, chiefly in set phrases) Ellipsis of I swear on: on my life, on God, on everything, etc.
To the account or detriment of; denoting imprecation or invocation, or coming to, falling, or resting upon.
On us be all the blame.

A curse on him!

Please don't tell on her and get her in trouble.

He turned on her and has been her enemy ever since.

He went all honest on me, making me listen to his confession.
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 27:25:
  His blood be on vs, and on our children.
(especially when numbers of combatants or competitors are specified) Against; in opposition to.
The fight was three on one, and he never stood a chance.
(philosophy, logic) According to, from the standpoint of; (expressing what must follow, whether accepted or not, if a given premise or system is assumed true).
Synonyms: in, under, with, within
- 2021, Gavin Ortlund, Why God Makes Sense in a World That Doesn't: The Beauty of Christian Theism, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, →ISBN:
  On naturalism, it is therefore difficult to find a ground for ultimate moral hope.
(snooker) In a position of being able to pot (a given ball).
All the way around the table, off four cushions, and ... and he's on the black!
(mathematics) Having as identical domain and codomain.
a function on $ℝ$
(mathematics) Having $V^{n}$ as domain and V as codomain, for the specified set V and some integer n.
an operator on $ℤ$
(mathematics) Generated by.
the free group on four letters
(mathematics, Quebec) Divided by.
Synonym: over

Twenty on three.
(obsolete or dialect, regional) Of.
I never seen 'im, and that's the truth on it.
- 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:
  Be not jealous on me.
- c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:
  Or have we eaten on the insane root / That takes the reason prisoner?
(obsolete) At the peril of, or for the safety of.
- a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “The First Book of Homer’s Ilias”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume IV, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 415:
  Hence on thy life: the captive maid is mine; / Whom not for price or pray'rs I will reſign: [...]

Synonyms

(dealing with the subject of): about, apropos, as for; See also Thesaurus:about
(because of): by dint of, due to; See also Thesaurus:because of

Derived terms

Translations

positioned at the upper surface of

Albanian: mbi (sq) (+ acc.)
Arabic: عَلَى (ar) (ʕalā)
Egyptian Arabic: على (ʕala)
Armenian: վրա (hy) (vra)
Asturian: sobre (ast)
Azerbaijani: üzərində, üstündə
Bakhtiari: سر (sar)
Bashkir: тураһында (turahında)
Belarusian: на (na)
Belizean Creole: pahn
Bengali: উপর (bn) (upor)
Bhojpuri: ऊपर (ūpar)
Breton: war (br)
Bulgarian: на (bg) (na)
Burmese: မှာ (my) (hma), ၌ (my) (hnai.), အပေါ် (my) (a.pau)
Catalan: sobre (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: ……上 (zh) (... shàng)
Chuukese: won
Cornish: war
Czech: na (cs)
Dalmatian: saupra
Danish: på (da)
Dutch: op (nl)
Esperanto: sur (eo)
Estonian: peal (et) (or adessive case)
Finnish: päällä (fi)
French: sur (fr)
Galician: sobre (gl), encol de (gl), en (gl)
Ge'ez: ላዕለ (laʿlä)
Georgian: -ზე (-ze)
German: auf (de)
Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana) (+ dative)
Greek: πάνω (el) (páno), σε (el) (se)
Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí) (+ dative), ἐν (en)
Guarani:
Mbya Guarani: áry

Paraguayan Guarani: ^{(please verify)} ári
Hebrew: עַל (he) (al), על פני
Hindi: ... पर (hi) (... par)
Hungarian: -n (hu), -on (hu), -en (hu), -ön (hu) (superessive case)
Icelandic: á (is)
Ido: sur (io)
Indonesian: di atas (id), atas (id)
Interlingua: super (ia), sur (ia)
Irish: ar
Italian: su (it), sopra (it)
Japanese: …の上に (ja) (… no ue ni)
Kazakh: үстінде (üstinde)
Khmer: នៅលើ (nɨv ləə)
Komi:
Komi-Zyrian: вылын (vylyn)
Korean: ...위에 (...wie)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: لەسەر (leser), لە سەر (le ser)

Northern Kurdish: ser (ku)
Kyrgyz: үстүнө (üstünö), үстүндө (ky) (üstündö)
Lao: ເທິງ (thœng), ບົນ (bon)
Latin: in (la), super (la), suprā (la), ab (la), a (la)
Latvian: uz (lv)
Ligurian: in sce
Lithuanian: ant (lt)
Livonian: pǟl (postposition)
Macedonian: на (na)
Malay: atas (ms), di atas
Maltese: fuq
Mirandese: subre
Mongolian: дээр (mn) (deer)
Navajo: bikááʼ (bɪkʰáːʔ), bąąh
Neapolitan: ngoppe
Norwegian: på (no)
Bokmål: på (no)

Nynorsk: på
Occitan: sobre (oc)
Old Occitan: sobre
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: на (na)
Old East Slavic: на (na)
Pashto: پر (ps) (për), باندې (ps) (bânde)
Persian: روی (fa) (ru-ye), بر (fa) (bar), سوار (fa) (savâr) (sense 1.7, aboard)
Polish: na (pl)
Portuguese: na (pt), no (pt), sobre (pt)
Romagnol: adòs
Romanian: deasupra (ro), pe (ro)
Russian: на (ru) (na)
Scottish Gaelic: air
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: на

Latin: na (sh)
Sicilian: supra (scn), sùpira (scn)
Slovak: na (sk)
Slovene: na (sl)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: na
Spanish: en (es), sobre (es)
Swedish: på (sv), ovanpå (sv), å (sv), upp å
Tajik: ба (tg) (ba), рӯи (rü-yi), бар (tg) (bar)
Thai: บน (th) (bon)
Tibetan: སྒང་ལ (sgang la)
Turkish: üstünde (tr)
Turkmen: üstünde
Ukrainian: на (uk) (na)
Urdu: ... پر (... par)
Uyghur: ئۈستىدە (üstide)
Uzbek: ustiga (uz)
Vietnamese: trên (vi)
Volapük: su (vo)
Walloon: so (wa), dissu (wa)
Welsh: ar (cy)
Yiddish: אויף (oyf)
Zazaki: sero m, sera f

positioned at or resting against the outer surface of; attached to

Arabic: عَلَى (ar) (ʕalā)
Armenian: վրա (hy) (vra)
Czech: na (cs)
Dutch: bij (nl) (on me), aan (nl) (on a tree)
Esperanto: sur (eo)
Finnish: -lla (fi), -llä (fi) (adessive case)
French: sur (fr)
Frisian:
West Frisian: oan, by (fy)
German: an (de), bei (de)
Greek: πάνω (el) (páno)
Hebrew: נוגע, תלוי על
Hungarian: -n (hu), -on (hu), -en (hu), -ön (hu) (superessive case)
Italian: su (it), a (it)
Latin: in (la), super (la), supra (la)
Pashto: پورې (ps) (pore)
Persian: روی (fa) (ru-ye)
Polish: na (pl)
Portuguese: na (pt), no (pt)
Slovak: na (sk)
Slovene: na (sl)
Spanish: en (es), sobre (es)
Swedish: på (sv)
Tibetan: ལྡེབས་ལ (ldebs la)
Zazaki: naser

covering

Arabic: عَلَى (ar) (ʕalā)
Armenian: վրա (hy) (vra)
Burmese: မှာ (my) (hma), ၌ (my) (hnai.)
Dutch: over (nl)
Esperanto: sur (eo)
Finnish: päällä (fi), yllä (fi)
French: sur (fr), au-dessus (fr)
German: über (de)
Greek: πάνω (el) (páno)
Hebrew: מכסה (he)
Hungarian: -n (hu), -on (hu), -en (hu), -ön (hu) (superessive case)
Italian: su (it), a (it)
Latin: in (la), super (la), suprā (la)
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Persian: روی (fa) (ru-ye)
Polish: na (pl)
Portuguese: em (pt)
Russian: на (ru) (na)
Scottish Gaelic: air, mu (dated)
Slovak: na (sk)
Slovene: na (sl)
Spanish: en (es), sobre (es)
Swedish: på (sv)

at the date of

Arabic: فِي (ar) (fī)
Armenian: -ի ն (-in)
Burmese: မှာ (my) (hma), ၌ (my) (hnai.)
Czech: dne (cs)
Dutch: op (nl)
Esperanto: je (eo)
Finnish: -na (fi), -nä (fi) (essive case)
French: not used in French
German: an (de)
Greek: articles, σε (el) (se) + articles
Ancient Greek: (dative case of noun), ἐν (en) (+ dative)
Hebrew: בתאריך
Hungarian: -n (hu), -on (hu), -en (hu), -ön (hu) (superessive case)
Italian: not used in Italian
Japanese: …に (ja) (…ni)
Latin: in (la)
Malay: pada (ms)
Maltese: fi
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Persian: در (fa) (dar)
Polish: (genitive case of noun)
Portuguese: na (pt), no (pt)
Romanian: pe (ro) (of regular days), de (ro) (of festive days)
Russian: в (ru) (v), -го (ru) (-vo) (genitive numeral suffix)
Scottish Gaelic: not used in Scottish Gaelic
Slovak: dňa (sk)
Slovene: na (sl)
Spanish: (the definite article is used before the time period)
Swedish: på (sv) (not always used), under (sv)

dealing with the subject of

Arabic: فِي (ar) (fī)
Armenian: մասին (hy) (masin), վերաբերյալ (hy) (veraberyal)
Asturian: sobre (ast)
Catalan: sobre (ca)
Czech: o (cs)
Dutch: over (nl)
Esperanto: pri (eo)
Finnish: -sta (fi), -stä (fi) (elative case)
French: sur (fr), à propos de (fr), au sujet de (fr)
Galician: sobre (gl), acerca de (gl)
German: über (de)
Greek: πάνω (el) (páno)
Ancient Greek: περί (perí) (+ genitive)
Hebrew: בנושא
Italian: su (it), di (it)
Latin: de (la), super (la), supra (la)
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Persian: در (fa) (dar), اندر (fa) (andar)
Polish: o (pl)
Portuguese: na (pt), no (pt)
Romanian: despre (ro)
Scottish Gaelic: air
Slovak: o (sk)
Slovene: na (sl)
Spanish: sobre (es) acerca de (es)
Swedish: om (sv), angående (sv)

mathematics: having V as both domain and codomain

Finnish: -lle (fi) (allative case); -lla (fi), -llä (fi) (adessive case)
Italian: in (it)
Latin: in (la)
Polish: przy (pl)
Swedish: av (sv)

mathematics: having Vⁿ as domain and V as codomain

Finnish: -lle (fi) (allative case); -lla (fi), -llä (fi) (adessive case)
Italian: in (it)
Latin: in (la)
Polish: na (pl)
Swedish: av (sv)

because of, due to

Dutch: wegens (nl)
Finnish: takia (fi), vuoksi (fi), -sta (fi), -stä (fi) (elative case), perusteella (fi), johdosta (fi), seurauksena
French: pour (fr), à propos de (fr)
German: wegen (de), aufgrund (de)
Greek: periphrastically
Italian: con (it)
Latin: in (la)
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Slovak: pre
Swedish: på grund av (sv)

paid for by

Arabic: عَلَى حِسَابِهِ (ʕalā ḥisābihi)
Finnish: (not applicable; different structures used)
German: auf (de)
Greek: periphrastically
Latin: in (la)
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Persian: با (fa) (bâ)
Russian: с (ru) (s) (с меня, с тебя...), за счёт (za sčot)
Slovak: na (sk)
Swedish: är på

used to indicate means or medium

Finnish: (use the inessive and adessive cases)
French: avec (fr), grâce à (fr)
German: in (de), an (de)
Greek: periphrastically
Italian: in (it), a (it)
Latin: in (la)
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Persian: در (fa) (dar)
Spanish: en (es)
Swedish: på (sv)

Expressing figurative placement, burden, or attachment.

Spanish: competer (es) (verb), recaer sobre (verb)

(also often 'upon') at the time of (and often because of)

Spanish: tras (es), al (es) (followed by a verb), en pos de (es)

under the influence of — see also under the influence

Spanish: bajo los efectos de

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Dutch: ^{(please verify)} van (nl)
French: ^{(please verify)} de (fr)
Hungarian: ^{(please verify)} -tól (hu)/^{(please verify)} -től (hu)
Norwegian: ^{(please verify)} av (no) (7)
Swedish: ^{(please verify)} på (sv), ^{(please verify)} av (sv), ^{(please verify)} på grund av (sv)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Arabic: فِي (ar) (fī)
Burmese: မှာ (my) (hma), ၌ (my) (hnai.)
Comorian:
Ngazidja Comorian: not used in Ngazigja Comorian
Finnish: -na (fi), -nä (fi) (essive case)
French: not used in French
Greek: articles
Icelandic: á (is)
Italian: di (it) (used only with nouns of the week days: "di lunedì" - "on Monday", "di martedì" - "on Tuesday", ...; not always used), in (it) (used only with generic days, as in "in un giorno differente" - "on a different day"; not always used)
Khmer: នៅ (km) (nɨw)
Lao: ໃນ (nai)
Pashto: په (ps) (pë)
Persian: در (fa) (dar)
Polish: (genitive case of noun), w (pl)
Scottish Gaelic: not used in Scottish Gaelic
Slovak: počas (sk)
Spanish: (the definite article is used before the time period)
Swedish: på (sv), under (sv)
Thai: ใน (th) (nai)
Tibetan: ལ (la)
Vietnamese: vào (vi)
Zazaki: miyan (diq)

Verb

on (third-person singular simple present ons, present participle oning or onning, simple past and past participle oned or onned)

(Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Nigeria, transitive, colloquial) To switch on.
Synonym: turn on

Can you on the light?

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ón, án (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēno, *ino (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḗnu (“without”). Cognate with North Frisian on (“without”), Middle Dutch an, on (“without”), Middle Low German āne (“without”), German ohne (“without”), Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without, except”).

Unlikely to be related to Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu, “without”), which is likely akin to Proto-Germanic *sundraz instead (whence sunder).

Alternative forms

ohn

Preposition

on

(UK dialectal, Scotland) Without. (Can we add an example for this sense?)

Usage notes

Usually followed by a present participle, as being, having, etc.

Etymology 3

From Japanese 音読み (on'yomi, literally “sound reading”).

Noun

on

In the Japanese language, a pronunciation, or reading, of a kanji character that was originally based on the character's pronunciation in Chinese, contrasted with kun.
Most kanji have two kinds of reading, called "on" and "kun".

Related terms

kun

References

“on”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

Anagrams

Nº, NO, No, No., N.O., no, no.

Azerbaijani

**Azerbaijani numbers ^(edit)**
		100
← 1	← 9	10	11 →	20 →
		1
Cardinal: on Ordinal: onuncu

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ōn (“ten”).^[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰆𐰣 (on, “ten”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [on]
Audio (Baku): (file)
Audio (Tabriz): (file)

Numeral

Other scripts
Cyrillic		он
Arabic		اوْن

on

ten

References

Orucov, Əliheydər, editor (2006), “on”, in Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti [Explanatory Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language]‎^[7] (in Azerbaijani), 2nd edition, volume 3, Baku: Şərq-Qərb, pages 522-523
Altun Kitab (2013–), “on”, in Azleks

^ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ōn”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Basque

Etymology

From Proto-Basque *bon. Compare Iberian on (“good”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /on/ [õn]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -on
Hyphenation: on

Adjective

on (comparative hobe, superlative onen or hoberen, excessive onegi)

good
useful, convenient

Declension

Declension of on (adjective C-stem)
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		on	ona	onak	onok
ergative		onek	onak	onek	onok
dative		oni	onari	onei	onoi
genitive		onen	onaren	onen	onon
comitative		onekin	onarekin	onekin	onokin
causative		onengatik	onarengatik	onengatik	onongatik
benefactive		onentzat	onarentzat	onentzat	onontzat
instrumental		onez	onaz	onez	onotaz
inessive	anim.	onengan	onarengan	onengan	onongan
inessive	inan.	onetan	onean	onetan	onotan
locative	anim.	—	—	—	—
locative	inan.	onetako	oneko	onetako	onotako
allative	anim.	onengana	onarengana	onengana	onongana
allative	inan.	onetara	onera	onetara	onotara
terminative	anim.	onenganaino	onarenganaino	onenganaino	ononganaino
terminative	inan.	onetaraino	oneraino	onetaraino	onotaraino
directive	anim.	onenganantz	onarenganantz	onenganantz	ononganantz
directive	inan.	onetarantz	onerantz	onetarantz	onotarantz
destinative	anim.	onenganako	onarenganako	onenganako	ononganako
destinative	inan.	onetarako	onerako	onetarako	onotarako
ablative	anim.	onengandik	onarengandik	onengandik	onongandik
ablative	inan.	onetatik	onetik	onetatik	onotatik
partitive		onik	—	—	—
prolative		ontzat	—	—	—

Catalan

Adverb

on

where

References

“on”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
“on”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026
“on” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
Alcover, Antoni Maria; Moll, Francesc de Borja (1963), “on”, in Diccionari català-valencià-balear (in Catalan)

Central Franconian

Alternative forms

un (widely in free variation)
en (some western dialects)

Etymology

The native form in most dialects was Old High German indi, whence the variant en. In parts of the Eifel, this indi regularly becomes on (compare Luxembourgish an). In southern and eastern dialects, on the other hand, on may have been inherited from the Old High German variant unde (unti). From these two groups of dialects, the form will have spread, without doubt under influence of German und.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /on/

Conjunction

on

and
Salz on Päfer
salt and pepper

Classical Nahuatl

Pronoun

on, ōn

(demonstrative) that; those

Related terms

in

References

Michel Launey with Christopher Mackay (2011), An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Amazon Kindle: Cambridge University Press, page Loc 1408

Cornish

Pronunciation

(Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [ɔːn]
(Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [oːn]

Etymology 1

From Middle Cornish oan, on, oyen, from Old Cornish oin, from Proto-Brythonic *oɣn, from Proto-Celtic *ognos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”). Cognate with Breton oan, Irish and Scottish Gaelic uan, Manx eayn, and Welsh oen.

Noun

on m (plural eyn or eynes or eynow)

lamb
Synonyms: davasik, devesik, ones

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Compare Welsh ŷn.

Verb

on

first-person plural short present indicative of bos (“to be”)

Crimean Tatar

**Crimean Tatar numbers ^(edit)**
		100
← 1	← 9	10	11 →	20 →
		1
Cardinal: on Ordinal: onuncı Distributive: onar

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ōn.

Numeral

on

ten

References

“on”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech on, from Proto-Slavic *onъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈon]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -on

Pronoun

on m

he (third person personal singular)

Declension

Declension of on (sg-only masculine pronoun)

	singular
	stressed	clitic
nominative	on
genitive	jeho, jej, něho¹, něj¹	ho, jej
dative	jemu, němu¹	mu
accusative	jej, něj¹, jeho², něho²	jej, ho, -ň¹
vocative	—
locative	něm¹
instrumental	jím, ním¹

¹After a preposition.
²Animate.

Derived terms

Related terms

Czech personal pronouns
		singular	plural
1st person		já	my
2nd person	familiar	ty	vy
2nd person	polite	vy	vy
3rd person	m	on	oni¹
	f	ona	ony
	n	ono	ona
reflexive		sebe, se (clitic)

¹ animate referents only, for inanimate ones ony is used.

Dutch

Adverb

on

rarely used as shorthand for oneven (odd), the prefix on- means not (corresponds to English un-)

Estonian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈonː/, [ˈonː] (stressed)
IPA^(key): /on/, [on] (unstressed)
Rhymes: -onː, -on
Hyphenation: on

Verb

on

third-person singular present indicative of olema
third-person plural present indicative of olema

Finnish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈon/, [ˈo̞n]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -on
Syllabification^(key): on
Hyphenation^(key): on

Verb

on

third-person singular indicative present of olla
Se on tuolla.
It is there.

Se on ollut tuolla.
It has been there.

Anagrams

no

French

Alternative forms

l'on (formal)

Etymology

Inherited from Old French hom, om (nominative form), from Latin homō (“human being”) (compare homme from the Old French oblique form home, from the Latin accusative form hominem). Its pronominal use is of Germanic origin. Compare Old English man (“one, they, people”), reduced form of Old English mann (“person”); Catalan hom; German man (“one, they, people”); Dutch men (“one, they, people”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ̃/, (before a vowel) /ɔ̃.n‿/
Audio: (file)
Audio (Switzerland (Valais)): (file)
Audio (France (Toulouse)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France): (file)
Audio (France (Grenoble)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France (Hérault)): (file)
Audio (France (Saint-Étienne)): (file)
Audio (France (Lyon)): (file)
Audio (France (Massy)): (file)
Homophone: ont

Pronoun

on m or f m pl or f pl

(indefinite) one, people, you, someone (an unspecified individual)
Synonyms: quelqu'un (in some contexts), l'on (formal)
- 2003, Natasha St. Pier, L’instant d’après (album), Quand on cherche l’amour (song)
  Quand on cherche l'amour…
  When one searches for love…
On ne peut pas pêcher ici ― You can’t fish here
(personal, informal) we
Synonym: nous (in some contexts)
- 2021, Zaz, Tout là-haut:
  On oublie nos certitudes
  We forget our certainties
On s’est amusés. ― We had fun.

Usage notes

In informal and standard conversational French, on has almost completely replaced the pronoun nous (“we”) to indicate that a sentence or clause has a first-person plural as its subject. However, nous is still favored in formal writing and speech, and is still used colloquially as a disjunctive reinforcing nominative on, as well as to indicate direct and indirect objects. It may be used for reflexive objects, but as this is potentially ambiguous, these are also indicated with the reflexive pronoun se — especially with reinforcement from disjunctive nous, which clarifies that the speaker means "we" and not "one," i.e. a generalized indefinite subject. This clarification can also be achieved by the use of tous after the verb.
On est toujours là. ― We're still here.

On connait tous la chanson qu'elle chante. ― We all know which song she is singing.

On a tous quelque chose à cacher. ― We all have something to hide.

Nous, on s'y fait. ― We get used to it.

Nous, on l'a tous vu. ― We all saw it.
The verb is always conjugated in the third-person singular, but if the pronoun refers to a first-person plural, the attribute agrees in gender and number.
On est venu ici. ― One came here.

On y est allés / allées. ― We went there.

On est prêts / prêtes. ― We are ready.
The variant l'on is used in more formal or literary contexts. Some use it especially after que (que l'on) to avoid the contraction qu'on, which is homophonous with the vulgar word con.

Related terms

**French personal pronouns**
number	person	gender	nominative (subject)	accusative (direct complement)	dative (indirect complement)	locative (at)	genitive (of)	disjunctive (tonic)¹	emphatic reflexive
singular	first	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi	moi-même
	second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi	toi-même
	third	masculine	il²	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui	lui-même
		feminine	elle	la, l’	lui	y	en	elle	elle-même
		indeterminate	on³, l’on (formal), ce⁴, c’, ça	—	—	—	—	—	—
		reflexive	—	se, s’⁵		—	—	soi	soi-même
plural	first	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous	nous-mêmes
	second⁶	—	vous	vous		—	—	vous	vous-mêmes, vous-même⁶
	third	masculine	ils⁷	les	leur	y	en	eux⁷	eux-mêmes⁷
	third	feminine	elles	les	leur	y	en	elles	elles-mêmes

¹ The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’, à, pour, chez, dans, vers, sur, sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
² Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
³ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
⁴ The nominal indeterminate form ce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verb être as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
⁵ The reflexive third person singular forms (se or s’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
⁶ Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonic vous-mêmes becomes singular vous-même.
⁷ Ils, eux and eux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.

Descendants

→ Esperanto: oni
- → Ido: onu

Anagrams

NO, nô

German

Pronunciation

Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)

Adjective

on (indeclinable, predicative only)

(Internet slang, especially video games) clipping of online
Coordinate term: off

hab lust auf ne runde zocken, kommst du on?
im down to game 4 a bit, are u coming on?

Guerrero Nahuatl

Noun

on

the

Iberian

Etymology

Unambiguously connected to Proto-Basque *bon, compare Basque on (“good, useful”).

Adjective

on

good

References

Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

Ido

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /on/, /ɔn/

Pronoun

on

apocopic form of onu; one, someone, they (indefinite personal pronoun)

Interlingua

Pronoun

on

one (indefinite personal pronoun)

Japanese

Romanization

on

Rōmaji transcription of おん

Juǀ'hoan

Pronunciation

The nasal vowel IPA^(key): /õ/

Letter

on (upper case On)

A letter of the Juǀ'hoan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Karaim

Etymology 1

From Proto-Turkic *ōn. Compare to Crimean Tatar on, Karachay-Balkar он (on), Kumyk он (on), Urum он (on), etc.

Numeral

on

ten

Etymology 2

From Proto-Turkic *oŋ. Compare to Crimean Tatar oñ, Karachay-Balkar онг (oñ), Kumyk онг (oñ), Urum он (on), etc.

Noun

on

right

References

N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “on”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ [Karaim-Russian-Polish Dictionary], Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Karelian

Verb

on

third-person singular indicative present of olla

Lombard

Alternative forms

vun

Etymology

From Old Lombard un, from Latin ūnus, from Old Latin oinos.

Pronunciation

(Milanese) IPA^(key): /un/

Article

on m (feminine ona, plural di)

a

Low German

Conjunction

on

(in several dialects, including Low Prussian) alternative form of un (and)
Melk on Brot
milk and bread

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English on, an, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”).

Preposition

on

on, in

Adverb

on

on

Alternative forms

(preposition): one, onne, hon, ane; an (before initial h or vowel); æn (Early Middle English)
(adverb): one, onne, an

Descendants

English: on
Scots: an, on
Yola: on

References

“on, prep.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
“on, adv.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

**Middle English numbers ^(edit)**
		10
	← 0	1	2 → ^{[a], [b], [c]}	10 →
Cardinal: on Ordinal: first Adverbial: ene, enes, ones Multiplier: sengle Distributive: sengle

From Old English ān, from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Compare an, oo.

Alternative forms

(numeral, pronoun):
- oon, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne
- an, ane, auen, aune (Northern)
- auen, aune (north Midland)
- enne, onen, onenen (Kent)
- en, an, ane (Early Middle English)
- won, von, wone (Late Middle English)
(adverb): oon, one; an (Northern); an, ane (Early Middle English)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔːn/, /ɔn/
Rhymes: -ɔːn

Numeral

on (preconsonantal o)

one
- c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402)‎^[8], Ludlow, Shropshire, published c. 1235, folios 6, verso – 7, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, January 2018:
  Almihti godd· feader· ſune· hali gaſt· aſ ȝe beoð ϸreo an godd: alſƿa ȝe beoð an mihte· an ƿiſdom· ⁊ an luue […]
  Almighty God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as both three and one, while being one Might, one Wisdom, and one Love […]
- 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 63, verso, lines 438-440:
  And but ye do / c[er]teyn we shal yow teche / that it is fair / to han a wyf in pees / Oon of vs two / moſte bowen doutelees
  And unless you do, we'll certainly teach you / that it's fair to have a wife in peace; / one of the two of us must without doubt submit.

Related terms

Descendants

English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
English: (Ottawa-Valley) un, on, wan
Geordie: yen
Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
Yola: oan, own, ane

Pronoun

on

one

Adverb

on

singly, by oneself, by itself

Determiner

on

(Early Middle English) alternative form of a (indefinite article)

References

p. 1, Arthur; A Short Sketch of his Life and History in English Verse of the First Half of the Fifteenth Century, Frederick Furnivall ed. EETS. Trübner & Co.: London. 1864.
“ō̆n, num.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
“ō̆n, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
“ō̆n, adv.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

Verb

on

(Early Middle English) first/third-person singular present of unnen

Etymology 4

Noun

on

alternative form of wone (“course”)

Etymology 5

Noun

on

alternative form of oven

Northern Sami

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈoːn/

Adverb

ōn

again

Occitan

Alternative forms

ond

Pronunciation

Audio (Gascony): (file)

Adverb

on

(Gascony) where

References

Guilhemjoan, Patric (2005), Diccionari elementari occitan-francés francés-occitan (gascon), Per Noste, →ISBN, page 99.

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *onъ (nominative), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos, and from Proto-Slavic *jь (oblique cases), from Proto-Indo-European *ís and Proto-Indo-European *Hyós.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈon/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈon/

Pronoun

on m sg (third person)

he (masculine singular)

Declension

Old Czech personal pronouns
Singular	1st person	2nd person	3rd person			Reflexive
Singular	1st person	2nd person	m	f	n	Reflexive
Nominative	já(z)	ty	on	ona	ono	—
Genitive	mne, mě	tebe, tě	j(e)ho, ň(e)ho	jie, nie	j(e)ho, ň(e)ho	sebe, sě
Dative	mně, mi	tobě, ti	j(e)mu, ňemu	jí, ní, jiej, niej	j(e)mu, ňemu	sobě, si
Accusative	mě, mne	tě, tebe	jej, jen, ji, j(e)ho, -ň, ňej, ňen, ni, ň(e)ho	ju, ňu	je, ňe	sě, sebe
Locative	mně	tobě	ňem	ní, niej	ňem	sobě
Instrumental	mnú	tobú, tebú	jím, ním	jú, ňú	jím, ním	sobú, sebú
Possessive	mój	tvój	jeho	(je)jie	jeho	svój

Dual	1st person	2nd person	3rd person			Reflexive
Dual	1st person	2nd person	m	f	n	Reflexive
Nominative	vě, va (ma)	vy	ona	oně		—
Genitive	najú	vajú	jú, ňú			sebe, sě
Dative	náma	váma	jima, nima			sobě, si
Accusative	ny, najú	vy, vajú	jě, ně	ji, ni		sě, sebe
Locative	najú	vajú	ňú			sobě
Instrumental	náma	váma	jima, nima			sobú, sebú
Possessive	náš, najú	váš, vajú	(je)jú			svój

Plural	1st person	2nd person	3rd person			Reflexive
Plural	1st person	2nd person	m	f	n	Reflexive
Nominative	my	vy	oni	ony	ona	—
Genitive	nás	vás	jich, nich			sebe, sě
Dative	nám, nem	vám, vem	jim, nim			sobě, si
Accusative	ny, nás	vy, vás	jě, ně			sě, sebe
Locative	nás	vás	nich			sobě
Instrumental	námi	vámi	jimi, nimi			sobú, sebú
Possessive	náš	váš	(je)jich			svój

Descendants

Czech: on

Pronoun

on

alternative form of onen

References

Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “on”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old English

Alternative forms

an, a
ᚩᚾ (ón) — Ruthwell Cross

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana. See Old English in for more.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /on/
Rhymes: -on

Preposition

on

on, in, at, among [with accusative or dative or instrumental]
On þǣm hūse
In the house
- late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
  ...and ðā syndon swȳþe fæġere and lustsumlīce on tō sēonne...
  ...and those are very beautiful and pleasant to look at...
- Early 11th c., Defensor's translation of Liber Scintillarum
  ...nā besēoh þū on wīfes hiw...
  ...do not look at a woman's appearance...
on, during [with accusative]
On midne winter
In mid-winter
onto, into (to express allative motion or a change of state) [with accusative]
- Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
  Đā ġelǣredan ne beðurfon þyssera bōca, forðan ðe him mæġ heora āgen lār genihtsumian. Iċ cweðe nū þæt iċ næfre heonon forð ne āwende godspel oððe godspeltrahtas of Lēdene on Englisċ.
  The learned have no need of these books, for their own learning will suffice. I say now that henceforth, I will never translate a gospel or a gospel-commentary from Latin into English.
On þæt hūs
Into the house

Hēo āwende þā bōc on Englisc
She translated the book into English

Adverb

on

(with verbs of taking or depriving) from

Descendants

Middle English: an, on, one, onne, hon, ane, an (before initial h or vowel), æn (Early Middle English), one, onne, an
- English: on
- Scots: an, on
- Yola: on

Old French

Alternative forms

hon

Etymology

See hom, om.

Pronoun

on

one (gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun)

Descendants

French: on

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *an (“on”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“up”). Cognates include Old English on, Old Saxon ana and Old Dutch ana.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /on/

Preposition

on

on

Descendants

North Frisian: a
Saterland Frisian: an, oun
West Frisian: oan

References

Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009), An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Old Irish

Pronoun

on

alternative spelling of ón

Article

on

alternative spelling of ón

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos

Proto-Balto-Slavic *anas

Proto-Slavic *onъ

Old Polish on

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *onъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔn/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔn/

Pronoun

on

he (for animate nouns), it (for inanimate nouns)
this (demonstrative)

Declension

This pronoun needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

Polish: on, won (Eastern Lublin, Krynice and Kryniczki)
Silesian: ôn

References

Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, et al., editors (2011–2015), “on”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Alternative forms

won (Eastern Lublin, Krynice and Kryniczki)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos

Proto-Balto-Slavic *anas

Proto-Slavic *onъ

Old Polish on

Polish on

Inherited from Old Polish on. The oblique case forms come from Proto-Slavic *jь.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔn/

(Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈɔn/, /ˈon/

Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔn
Syllabification: on
Homophone: -on

Pronoun

on m (feminine ona, neuter ono)

he (for animate nouns), it (for inanimate nouns)

Declension

Declension of on

	singular
nominative	on
genitive	jego/go/niego
dative	jemu/mu/niemu
accusative	jego/go/niego
instrumental	nim
locative	nim
vocative	—

Pronoun

on

(dated, demonstrative) this

Declension

Declension of on (irregular)

singular					plural
	masculine animate	masculine inanimate	feminine	neuter	virile (= masculine personal)	non-virile
nominative/vocative	on		ona	ono	oni	one
genitive	onego		onej	onego	onych
dative	onemu		onej	onemu	onym
accusative	onego	on	oną	ono	onych	one
instrumental	onym		oną	onym	onymi
locative	onym		onej	onym	onych

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), on is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1477 times in scientific texts, 677 times in news, 976 times in essays, 1957 times in fiction, and 1617 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 6650 times, making it the 8th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “on”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎^[2] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 333

Romani

Alternative forms

jon, jone

Pronoun

on

they^[1]^[2]^[3]

References

^ Boretzky, Norbert; Igla, Birgit (1994), “on”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 201a
^ Marcel Courthiade (2009), “on B-ćham: len”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 260b
^ Yaron Matras and Evangelina Adamou (2020), “Romani and Contact Linguistics”, in Yaron Matras, Anton Tenser, editors, The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, →DOI, →ISBN, page 341

Romansh

Alternative forms

onn (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Surmiran)
an (Puter)

Etymology

From Latin annus.

Noun

on m (plural ons)

(Sutsilvan, Vallader) year

Rotuman

Numeral

on

construct state of ono

Salar

**Salar cardinal numbers**
< 9	10	20 >
Cardinal : on Ordinal : onıncı

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōn.

Pronunciation

(Xunhua, Qinghai; Gansu; Ili, Xinjiang) IPA^(key): /on/^[1]

Numeral

on (3rd person possessive onı)

ten

References

^ 舍秀存 [She Xiucun] (2015), p. 312; Shibata (1946), p. 58; Yakup (2002), p. 145.

Potanin, G.N. (1893), “on”, in Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголия [Tangutsko-Tibetskaja okraina Kitaja i Centralʹnaja Mongolija] (in Russian), page 431
Poyarkov, Alexei; Ladygin, Vasiliy (1893), “Салары. Этнографический очерк [Salary. Etnografičeskij očerk, The Salars: An Ethnographic Sketch]”, in Этнографическое ОбозрѢніе: Императорскаго Общества Любителей Естествознанія, Антропологіи и Этнографіи [Etnografičeskoje ObozrĚnije: Imperatorskago Obščestva Ljubitelej Jestestvoznanija, Antropologii i Etnografii, Ethnographical Review: Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural History, Anthropology and Ethnography]‎^[12] (in Russian), Moscow: Publication of the Ethnographic Department, page 34
Rockhill, William Woodville (1894), Diary of a journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, page 373
柴田武 [Takeshi Shibata] (1946), “Seikaishô no Junka no Sarârugo ni tsuite [On the Salar Language of Xunhua, Qinghai]”, in The Tôyôgo Kenkyû, volume 1, Tokyo, pages 25-78
Kakuk, S. (1962), “on”, in “Un vocabulaire Salar”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎^[13], volume 14, number 2, Akadémiai Kiadó, →ISBN, pages 173-196
Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “on”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow: Nauka, page 425
林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985), “on”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[14], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 135
Yakup, Abdurishid (2002), “on”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎^[15], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 145
舍秀存 [She Xiucun] (2015), “on”, in 撒拉语语音研究 [Salar Phonetic Research]‎^[16], China: 上海大学出版社, →ISBN, page 312
马伟 [Ma Wei] (2016), “on”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 [Qīnghǎi, Qinghai]: 青海师范大学 [Qinghai Normal University], unpublished finalized project manuscript (国家社会科学基金项目结项稿, 定稿; National Social Science Fund of China), page 296

Sedang

Etymology

From Proto-Bahnaric *ʔuɲ. Cognate with Bahnar ŭnh and Hrê ùnh.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔɔn/

Noun

on

fire

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *onъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ôːn/
Audio (Central Serbia): (file)

Pronoun

ȏn ? (Cyrillic spelling о̑н)

he

Declension

Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *onъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos; inflected forms from Proto-Slavic *jь, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔn/

Pronoun

on m

he, it (third-person singular pronoun)

Declension

Declension of on
	singulare tantum
nominative	on
genitive	ho / jeho / neho
dative	mu / jemu / nemu
accusative	ho / jeho / neho
locative	ňom
instrumental	ním

Related terms

Slovak personal pronouns
		substantive		possessive
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		ja	my	môj	náš
2nd person	familiar	ty	vy	tvoj	váš
2nd person	polite	vy		váš
3rd person	m	on	oni* / ony	jeho	ich
	f	ona		jej
	n	ono		jeho
reflexive		seba, sa (clitic)		svoj

* masculine animate only, ony otherwise

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *onъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ́n/

Pronoun

ȍn

he
(obsolete) onkanje form^{[→SS, p. 389]}

Usage notes

The second binding singular form (-enj) is used when the prefix ends in a consonant:

zȃnj (za- + -nj)
skọ̑zenj (skoz- + -enj)

Declension

Fourth masculine declension (adjectival endings, animate), fixed accent, highly irregular Stressed ("naglasne") forms
nominative imenovȃlnik	ȍn	ónadva, onȃdva	óni, onȋ
genitive rodȋlnik	njéga	njȋju, njȉh, njȗ	njȉh
dative dajȃlnik	njému	njȋma	njȉm
accusative tožȋlnik	njéga	njȋju, njȉh, njȗ	njȉh, njẹ̑
locative mẹ̑stnik	njém, njému	njȋju, njȉh	njȉh
instrumental orọ̑dnik	njím	njȋma	njȋmi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	ȍn	ȏnadva, onȃdva	ȏni, onȋ

Unstressed ("naslonske") forms
	singular	dual	plural
genitive rodȋlnik	ga	ju, jih	jih
dative dajȃlnik	mu	jima	jim
accusative tožȋlnik	ga	ju	jih

Binding ("navezne / predložne") accusative forms
	singular	dual	plural
unstressed	-nj, -ənj	-nju	-nje
stressed	–	–	njẹ̑, njȉh

Southeastern Tepehuan

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *ona.

Noun

on

salt

References

R. de Willett, Elizabeth, et al. (2016), Diccionario tepehuano de Santa María Ocotán, Durango (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 48)‎^[17] (in Spanish), electronic edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 140

Swedish

Noun

on

indefinite plural of o

Anagrams

NO, no.

Tagalog

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Germanic *an

Proto-West Germanic *ana

Old English on

Middle English on

English onbor.

Tagalog on

Borrowed from English on.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈʔon/ [ˈʔon̪]
Rhymes: -on
Syllabification: on

Adjective

on (Baybayin spelling ᜂᜈ᜔) (slang)

in a relationship with someone

Derived terms

mag-on

Anagrams

no, 'no

Tewa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔòŋ/ [ʔòŋ]

Noun

on

chin
jaw

References

Martinez, Esther (1982), San Juan Pueblo Téwa Dictionary, San Juan Pueblo Bilingual Program, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico: Bishop Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 23
Sutton, Logan (2014) Kiowa-Tanoan: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study (Dissertation), Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico, →ISBN, page 37

Turkish

**Turkish numbers ^(edit)**
		100
← 1	← 9	10	11 →	20 →
		1
Cardinal: on Ordinal: onuncu Distributive: onar Polygon: ongen

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish اون (on), from Proto-Turkic *ōn (“ten”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰆𐰣 (wn¹ /⁠on⁠/, “ten”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /on/
Audio: (file)

Numeral

on

ten

Declension

Declension of on
	singular	plural
nominative	on	onlar
definite accusative	onu	onları
dative	ona	onlara
locative	onda	onlarda
ablative	ondan	onlardan
genitive	onun	onların

Turkmen

**Turkmen numbers ^(edit)**
		100
← 1	← 9	10	11 →	20 →
		1
Cardinal: on Ordinal: onunjy

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ōn (“ten”).

Numeral

on

ten

Venetan

Article

on m sg

a, an

Usage notes

Variant of un

Volapük

Etymology

Borrowed from French on.

Pronoun

on

it
(obsolete, indefinite personal pronoun) one

Declension

Declension of on
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	on	ons
Genitive	ona	onas
Dative	one	ones
Accusative	oni	onis
Predicative¹	onu	onus
Vocative	o on	o ons

Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

Votic

Pronunciation

(Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈon/, [ˈon]
Rhymes: -on
Hyphenation: on

Verb

on

third-person singular indicative present of õllõ

Walloon

Alternative forms

onk

Etymology

From Latin ūnum.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ̃/

Article

on (masculine before a vowel: in-, feminine: ine)

an, a
on tchin ― a dog

in-åbe ― a tree

ine minte ― a lie

Numeral

on

one

Yola

Alternative forms

an
ana (before consonant)
a (unstressed)

Etymology

From Middle English on, an, from Old English on.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔn/, /an/, /anə/, /ə/

Preposition

on

on
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 94:
  An a priesth o' parieshe on his lhaung-tyel garraane.
  And the priest of the parish on his long tail pony.
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:
  An a priesth o parieshe on his garrane baun,
  The priest of the parish on his white pony,
- 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 5, page 104:
  Mizluck mye lhygt on Tam Busheare;
  Bad luck may light on Tom Busheare;
- 1867, DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH, page 131:
  Fad didn'st thou cum t' ouz on zum other dey?
  [Why didn't you come to us on some other day?]

References

Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 94

[1] Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*ōn”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[2] Ida Kurcz (1990), “on”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎^[2] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 333

[3] Boretzky, Norbert; Igla, Birgit (1994), “on”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 201a

[4] Marcel Courthiade (2009), “on B-ćham: len”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 260b

[5] Yaron Matras and Evangelina Adamou (2020), “Romani and Contact Linguistics”, in Yaron Matras, Anton Tenser, editors, The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, →DOI, →ISBN, page 341

[6] 舍秀存 [She Xiucun] (2015), p. 312; Shibata (1946), p. 58; Yakup (2002), p. 145.

[1]

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[1]

number	person		nominative	accusative	dative	locative	ablative	instrumental	possessive
singular	first		me	man	manqe	manθe	manθar	mança	miro, -i, -e
	second		tu	tut	tuqe	tuθe	tuθar	tuça	tiro, -i, -e
	reflexive third		—	pes	pesqe	pesθe	pesθar	peça	pesqero, -i, -e
	third	m	ov	les	lesqe	lesθe	lesθar	leça	lesqero, -i, -e
	third	f	oj	la	laqe	laθe	laθar	laça	laqero, -i, -e
plural	first		amen		amenqe	amenθe	amenθar	amença	amaro, -i, -e
	second		tumen		tumenqe	tumenθe	tumenθar	tumença	tumaro, -i, -e
	reflexive third		—	pen	penqe	penθe	penθar	pença	penqero, -i, -e
	third		on	len	lenqe	lenθe	lenθar	lença	lenqero, -i, -e

number	person		nominative	accusative (long and short forms)	dative	locative	ablative	instrumental	possessive
singular	first		me	man, ma	mánge	mánde	mándar	mánsa	múrro, -i, -e
	second		tu	tut, tu	túke	túte	tútar	túsa	tíro, -i, -e
	reflexive third		—	pês, pe	pêske	pêste	pêstar	pêsa	pêsko, -i, -e
	third	m	wo	lês, le	lêske	lêste	lêstar	lêsa	lêsko, -i, -e
	third	f	woi	la, la	láke	láte	látar	lása	láko, -i, -e
plural	first		ame	amên, ame	amênge	amênde	amêndar	amênsa	amáro, -i, -e
	second		tume	tumên, tume	tumênge	tumênde	tumêndar	tumênsa	tumáro, -i, -e
	reflexive third		—	pên, pe	pênge	pênde	pêndar	pênsa	pêngo, -i, -e
	third		won	lên, le	lênge	lênde	lêndar	lênsa	lêngo, -i, -e

		singular	dual	plural
1st person	m	jaz	midva	mi
1st person	f or n	jaz	medve, midve	me

2nd person familiar (tikanje)	m	ti	vidva	vi
2nd person familiar (tikanje)	f or n	ti	vedve, vidve	ve

3rd person	m	on	onadva	oni
	f	ona	onedve, onidve	one
	n	ono	onedve, onidve	ona

Polite forms		singular (not differentiated in dual and plural)
polite (vikanje)		vi, Vi + 2nd person plural masculine
very polite (onikanje)		oni + 3rd person plural masculine (archaic)
hyper polite (onokanje)		ono + 3rd person singular neuter (obsolete)
patriarchal (onkanje)		on + 3rd person singular masculine (obsolete)

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Adjective

Synonyms

Translations

Adverb

Synonyms

Antonyms

Descendants

Translations

Preposition

Synonyms

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Preposition

Usage notes

Etymology 3

Noun

Related terms

See also

References

Anagrams

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Pronunciation

Numeral

References

Basque

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Declension

Further reading

Catalan

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

References

Central Franconian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Conjunction

Classical Nahuatl

Pronoun

Related terms

References

Cornish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Verb

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

Numeral

References

Czech

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

See also

Further reading

Dutch

Adverb

Estonian

Pronunciation

Verb

Finnish

Pronunciation

Verb

Anagrams