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Hydrogen, the Principal Agent of Structural and Chemical Diversity in Minerals

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Celebrating the International Year of Mineralogy

Part of the book series: Springer Mineralogy ((MINERAL))

Abstract

Hydrogen (both neutral H and H+) is the smallest element in the Periodic Table (Rahm et al., Chem Eur J 22(14):625–14,632, 2017) and small size and high volatility make it perhaps the most widely distributed element on Earth. Despite the fact that H constitutes less than 0.1% of the Earth by mass. It is capable of incorporation into the majority of minerals at a major level. Hydrogen occurs as a required constituent in ~60% of all minerals and plays a variety of roles that give rise to the complexity (sensu lato) and range of structure and chemical composition that is characteristic of oxide and oxysalt minerals in particular. Here I examine the diversity of mechanisms by which H is incorporated in minerals and the various ways in which H promotes stable atomic arrangements. I will use Φ to designate a ligand: Φ = O2–, (OH)–, F–, Cl–, (H2O)0 and I will write a polyhedron most generally as (MΦn) and more specifically by the central cation: thus the expression “Mg2+ octahedron” designates an (MgΦ6) octahedron.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

    Frank C. Hawthorne

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  1. Frank C. Hawthorne
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Correspondence to Frank C. Hawthorne.

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Luca Bindi

  2. Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Giuseppe Cruciani

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Hawthorne, F.C. (2023). Hydrogen, the Principal Agent of Structural and Chemical Diversity in Minerals. In: Bindi, L., Cruciani, G. (eds) Celebrating the International Year of Mineralogy. Springer Mineralogy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28805-0_13

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