MySQL复合查询

目录

1. 基本查询回顾

1.1 查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员，同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J

1.2 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序

1.3 使用年薪进行降序排序

1.4 显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位

1.5 显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息

1.6 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资

1.7 显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资

1.8 显示每种岗位的雇员总数，平均工资

2. 多表查询

2.1 显示雇员名，雇员工资以及所在部门的名字

2.2 显示部门号为10的部门名，员工名和工资

2.3 显示各个员工的姓名，工资及工资级别

3. 自连接

3.1 使用的子查询

3.2 使用多表查询（自查询）

4. 子查询

4.1 单行子查询

4.2 多行子查询

4.3 多列子查询

4.4 在from子句中使用子查询

4.4.1 显示每个高于自己部门平均的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资

4.4.2 查询每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资

4.4.3 显示每个部门的信息（部门号，编号，地址）和人员数量

4.5 合并查询

4.5.1 union

4.5.2 union all

5. 实战OJ

附录

MySQL笔记

---

前面我们博客中写的MySQL表的查询都是对一张表进行查询，在实际的开发中这远远不够。

1. 基本查询回顾

1.1 查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员，同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J

mysql> select * from emp where (sal > 500 or job = 'MANAGER') and ename like 'J%';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK   | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 | NULL |     30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where (sal > 500 or job = 'MANAGER') and substr(ename,1,1)='J';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK   | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 | NULL |     30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.2 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序

mysql> select * from emp order by deptno asc,sal desc;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp order by deptno asc,sal desc;
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     30 |
+--------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.3 使用年薪进行降序排序

mysql> select ename,sal,comm,sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) 年薪 from emp order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| ename  | sal     | comm    | 年薪     |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+
| KING   | 5000.00 |    NULL | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |    NULL | 36000.00 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |    NULL | 36000.00 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |    NULL | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |    NULL | 34200.00 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |    NULL | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |  300.00 | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |    0.00 | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |    NULL | 15600.00 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |  500.00 | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |    NULL | 13200.00 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |    NULL | 11400.00 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |    NULL |  9600.00 |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.4 显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位

mysql> select * from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,job from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job       |
+-------+-----------+
| KING  | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

1.5 显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息

mysql> select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.6 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资

mysql> select deptno,max(sal) 最高,avg(sal) 平均 from emp group by deptno;
+--------+---------+-------------+
| deptno | 最高    | 平均        |
+--------+---------+-------------+
|     10 | 5000.00 | 2916.666667 |
|     20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
|     30 | 2850.00 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+---------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select deptno,max(sal) 最高,format(avg(sal),2) 平均 from emp group by deptno;
+--------+---------+----------+
| deptno | 最高    | 平均     |
+--------+---------+----------+
|     10 | 5000.00 | 2,916.67 |
|     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00 |
|     30 | 2850.00 | 1,566.67 |
+--------+---------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.7 显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资

mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) 平均工资 from emp group by deptno having 平均工资 < 2000;
+--------+--------------+
| deptno | 平均工资     |
+--------+--------------+
|     30 |  1566.666667 |
+--------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

1.8 显示每种岗位的雇员总数，平均工资

mysql> select job,count(*) 人数, format(avg(sal),2) 平均工资 from emp group by job;
+-----------+--------+--------------+
| job       | 人数   | 平均工资     |
+-----------+--------+--------------+
| ANALYST   |      2 | 3,000.00     |
| CLERK     |      4 | 1,037.50     |
| MANAGER   |      3 | 2,758.33     |
| PRESIDENT |      1 | 5,000.00     |
| SALESMAN  |      4 | 1,400.00     |
+-----------+--------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2. 多表查询

实际开发中往往数据来自不同的表，所以需要多表查询，本文我们用一个简单的公司管理系统，有三张表EMP，DEPT，SALGRADE来演示如何进行多表查询。

案例：

2.1 显示雇员名，雇员工资以及所在部门的名字

因为上面的数据来自EMP和DEPT表，因此要联合查询

将数据进行穷举组合 -- 笛卡尔积

其实我们只要emp表中的deptno=dept表中的deptno字段的记录，因为这才是有意义的数据。

mysql> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.2 显示部门号为10的部门名，员工名和工资

mysql> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,sal,dname,dept.deptno from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      | deptno |
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.3 显示各个员工的姓名，工资及工资级别

mysql> select ename,sal,grade losal,hisal from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | losal | hisal |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |  1200 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |  2000 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |  1400 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |  3000 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |  1400 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |  3000 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |  3000 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |  3000 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |  9999 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |  2000 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |  1200 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |  1200 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |  3000 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |  1400 |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,sal,grade ,losal,hisal from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade | losal | hisal |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. 自连接

自连接是指在同一张表连接查询

案例：

显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名（mgr是员工领导的编号-empno）

3.1 使用的子查询

mysql> select ename,empno from emp where empno=(select mgr from emp where ename = 'FORD');
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno  |
+-------+--------+
| JONES | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2 使用多表查询（自查询）

mysql> select * from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.ename = 'FORD' and e1.mgr=e2.empno;
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno | empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 | 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select e2.ename,e2.empno from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.ename = 'FORD' and e1.mgr=e2.empno;
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno  |
+-------+--------+
| JONES | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4. 子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句，也叫嵌套语句

4.1 单行子查询

返回一行记录的子查询

• 显示SMITH同一部门的员工

mysql> select * from emp where deptno = (select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK   | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK   | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2 多行子查询

返回多行记录的子查询

• in关键字，查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字，岗位，工资，部门号，但是不包含10自己的

mysql> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in (select distinct job from emp where deptno=10) 
and deptno <> 10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job     | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 |     30 |
| SMITH | CLERK   |  800.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS | CLERK   | 1100.00 |     20 |
| JAMES | CLERK   |  950.00 |     30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字，岗位，工资，部门号，但是不包含10自己的,并且知道
-- 对应的员工属于哪一个部门的名字

mysql> select ename,job,sal,dname from (select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in (select distinct job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno <> 10) as tmp,dept where dept.deptno=tmp.deptno;
+-------+---------+---------+----------+
| ename | job     | sal     | dname    |
+-------+---------+---------+----------+
| SMITH | CLERK   |  800.00 | RESEARCH |
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | CLERK   | 1100.00 | RESEARCH |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | SALES    |
| JAMES | CLERK   |  950.00 | SALES    |
+-------+---------+---------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

        一个SQL的整体的查询结果本身就是表结构，MySQL一切皆表结构，所以不要误以为物理上真实存在的表才能做笛卡尔积，我可可以将一个查出来的表结构也可以直接和我们对应的表或者其他的查询结构同样做笛卡尔积，照样能拼接出来我们要查询的多列信息，然后再做筛选。

        子查询不仅仅能出现在where后面，充当我们的判断条件，也能够出现在from后面，

• all关键字，显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号

mysql> select * from emp where sal > (select max(sal) from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where sal > all(select distinct sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- > all的意思就是比所有人的工资都要高，就等价于比最大的值要高

• any关键字，显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号（包括自己部门的员工）

mysql> select * from emp where sal > any(select distinct sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.3 多列子查询

单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列，单行数据，多行子查询是指返回单行多行数据，都是针对单列而言的，而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句。

案列：查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员，不含SMITH本人。

mysql> select * from emp where (deptno,job) =  (select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename <> 'SMITH';
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job   | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where (deptno,job) in (select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and enamee <> 'SMITH';
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job   | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

目前全部的子查询，全部都在where子句中，充当判断条件。

任何时刻，查询出来的临时结果，本质在逻辑上也是表结构。

4.4 在from子句中使用子查询

子查询语法出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧，把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。

案列：

4.4.1 显示每个高于自己部门平均的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资

mysql> select * from emp,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and emp.sal > tmp.myavg;
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+
| empno  | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm   | deptno | deptno | myavg       |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 |     30 |     30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |   NULL |     20 |     20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |   NULL |     30 |     30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |   NULL |     20 |     20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |   NULL |     10 |     10 | 2916.666667 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |   NULL |     20 |     20 | 2175.000000 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 显示这些人的办公地点

mysql> select t1.ename,dept.loc,t1.deptno from dept,( select ename,emp.deptno from emp,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and emp.sal > tmp.myavg) t1 where t1.deptno=dept.deptno;
+-------+----------+--------+
| ename | loc      | deptno |
+-------+----------+--------+
| ALLEN | CHICAGO  |     30 |
| JONES | DALLAS   |     20 |
| BLAKE | CHICAGO  |     30 |
| SCOTT | DALLAS   |     20 |
| KING  | NEW YORK |     10 |
| FORD  | DALLAS   |     20 |
+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4.4.2 查询每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资

mysql> select ename,sal,t1.deptno,mymax from emp t1,(select deptno,max(sal) mymax from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno = t2.dep
ptno and t1.sal=t2.mymax;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal     | deptno | mymax   |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |     30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.4.3 显示每个部门的信息（部门号，编号，地址）和人员数量

• 方法1：使用多表

mysql> select dept.dname,dept.deptno,dept.loc,count(*) '部门人数' from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno group by dept.deptno,dept.dname,dept.loc;
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
| dname      | deptno | loc      | 部门人数     |
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
| ACCOUNTING |     10 | NEW YORK |            3 |
| RESEARCH   |     20 | DALLAS   |            5 |
| SALES      |     30 | CHICAGO  |            6 |
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 方法2：使用子查询

-- 1.对EMP表进行人员统计
mysql> select count(*),deptno from emp group by deptno;
+----------+--------+
| count(*) | deptno |
+----------+--------+
|        3 |     10 |
|        5 |     20 |
|        6 |     30 |
+----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 2.将上面的表看作临时表

mysql> select t1.dname,t1.loc,t2.dept_num,t1.deptno from dept t1, (select deptno,count(*) dept_num fromemp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno = t2.deptno;
+------------+----------+----------+--------+
| dname      | loc      | dept_num | deptno |
+------------+----------+----------+--------+
| ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |        3 |     10 |
| RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |        5 |     20 |
| SALES      | CHICAGO  |        6 |     30 |
+------------+----------+----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多表查询的指导思想：

解决多表问题的本质：想办法将多表转化成为单表，所以MySQL中所有问题全部都可以转成单表问题。

4.5 合并查询

在实际应用中，为了合并多个select的执行结果，可以使用集合操作符union，union all。

4.5.1 union

该操作符用于取得两个结果集得并发，当使用该操作符时，会自动去掉结果集中得重复行。

案例：将工资大于2500或者职位是MANAGER得人找出来。

-- 去重 union
mysql> select * from emp where sal > 2500 union select * from emp where job = 'MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
|  7566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
|  7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7782 | CLARK | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.5.2 union all

该操作符用于取得两个结果集得并集。当使用该操作符时，不会去掉结果集中得重复行。

案例：将工资大于25000或职位是MANAGER得人找出来

-- 不想去重，union all
mysql> select * from emp where sal > 2500 union all select * from emp where job = 'MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
|  7566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
|  7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING  | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL |     10 |
|  7902 | FORD  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7566 | JONES | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL |     10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select ename,job,sal from emp where sal > 2500 union all select * from emp where job = 'MANAGER';

ERROR 1222 (21000): The used SELECT statements have a different number of columns

-- 要把两个表的结构合起来，列信息必须一样

5. 实战OJ

https://www.nowcoder.com/practice/32c53d06443346f4a2f2ca733c19660c?tpId=82&tqId=29762&tPage=1&rp=&ru=%2Fta%2Fsql&qru=%2Fta%2Fsql%2Fquestion-rankinghttps://www.nowcoder.com/practice/32c53d06443346f4a2f2ca733c19660c?tpId=82&tqId=29762&tPage=1&rp=&ru=%2Fta%2Fsql&qru=%2Fta%2Fsql%2Fquestion-ranking获取所有员工当前的manager_牛客题霸_牛客网https://www.nowcoder.com/practice/e50d92b8673a440ebdf3a517b5b37d62?tpId=82&tqId=29763&tPage=1&rp=&ru=%2Fta%2Fsql&qru=%2Fta%2Fsql%2Fquestion-ranking

附录

MySQL笔记

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