本文介绍了Python字典的基础知识，包括字典的创建、访问、更新和删除操作。讲解了字典的键必须是hashable且唯一，值可任意。讨论了字典的常用方法如len(), get(), pop(), update()等，并对比了setdefault()与直接赋值的区别。还提到了字典的keys()和items()支持集合运算的特点。"
39830257,4847703,大一新生的计算机科学之旅：从零开始,"['计算机科学', '编程入门', '学习策略', '大学教育', '编程实践']
1.字典以键值对组成，包含在{}中，字典的键必须为hashable，即不可变（字符串、元组、数字），并且唯一；值可以是任何类型
# dict1 = {[1]: 1} # 报错：TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
# dict1 = {{1}: 1} # 报错：TypeError: unhashable type: 'set'
dict1 = {(1,): 1}
print(dict1) # {(1,): 1}
dict1 = {"12": 122}
print(dict1) # {'12': 122}
dict1 = {1: 12}
print(dict1) # {1: 12}
2.字典的创建有多种，以下几种都等同
dict1 = dict(one=1, two=2)
print(dict1) # {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict2={"one":1,"two":2}
print(dict2) # {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict3=dict(zip(["one","two"],[1,2]))
print(dict3) # {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict4=dict( (("one",1),("two",2)) )
print(dict4) # {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict5=dict( [("one",1),("two",2)] )
print(dict4) # {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
dict6=dict({"one":1,"two":2})
print(dict6) # {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
print(dict1==dict2==dict3==dict4==dict5==dict6) # True
3.键用数字的时候，像1和1.0、1.00都是相同的，可以用来索引同一个字典条目，如果相同的键出现多次，则以最后的值为准
dict1 = {1: 12}
print(dict1) # {1: 12}
dict1 = {1: 12, 1.0: 33}
print(dict1) # {1: 33}
dict1 = {1: 12, 1.0: 33,1.00:666}
print(dict1) # {1: 666}
4.len(dict)：表示字典中元素的个数
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11}
print(len(dict1)) # 2
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
print(len(dict1)) # 4
5.dict[key]：返回 dict 中以 key 为键的值， 如果key不存在 ， 则会引发 KeyError
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
print(dict1["aa"]) # 11
# print(dict1["c"]) # 报错：KeyError: 'c'
6.dict[key]=value：将 dict[key] 设为 value，若 dict[key]原来存在，则更新原来的value值，否则类似于新加了key-value
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
dict1["a"]=2
dict1["c"]=3
print(dict1) # {'a': 2, 'aa': 11, 'b': 2, 'bb': 22, 'c': 3}
7.key in dict：如果字典dict中存在键 key 则返回 True，否则返回 False
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22,"a ":1000}
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'aa': 11, 'b': 2, 'bb': 22, 'a ': 1000}
print("a" in dict1) # True
print("a " in dict1) # True
print(" a" in dict1) # False
8.key not in dict：如果字典dict中不存在键 key 则返回 True，否则返回 False，等同于not key in dict
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22,"a ":1000}
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'aa': 11, 'b': 2, 'bb': 22, 'a ': 1000}
print("a" not in dict1) # False
print("a " not in dict1) # False
print(" a" not in dict1) # True
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22,"a ":1000}
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'aa': 11, 'b': 2, 'bb': 22, 'a ': 1000}
print(not "a" in dict1) # False
print(not "a " in dict1) # False
print(not " a" in dict1) # True
9.iter(dict)：返回以字典的键为元素的迭代器，是 iter(dict.keys()) 的简写
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
print(dict1.keys()) # dict_keys(['a', 'aa', 'b', 'bb'])
print(iter(dict1.keys())) # <dict_keyiterator object at 0x000002B3109DAA98>
print(list(iter(dict1.keys()))) # ['a', 'aa', 'b', 'bb']
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
print(iter(dict1)) # <dict_keyiterator object at 0x000001217051AA98>
d=iter(dict1)
print(tuple(d)) # ('a', 'aa', 'b', 'bb')
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
print(iter(dict1)) # <dict_keyiterator object at 0x000001217051AA98>
d=iter(dict1)
print(list(d)) # ['a', 'aa', 'b', 'bb']
10.dict.clear()：删除字典的所有元素，无返回值
dict1 = {"a": 1, "aa": 11,"b":2,"bb":22}
print(dict1.clear()) # None
print(dict1) # {}
dict1.clear()
print(dict1) # {}
11.dict.copy()：返回字典的浅拷贝
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
dict2=dict1.copy()
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
print(dict2) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
dict1["a"]=999
print(dict1) # {'a': 999, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
print(dict2) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
dict1["ccc"][0]=99
print(dict1["ccc"]) # [99, 2, 3]
print(dict2["ccc"]) # [99, 2, 3]
dict1["ccc"]=[8,9]
print(dict1["ccc"]) # [8, 9]
print(dict2["ccc"]) # [99, 2, 3]
dict1["ccc"]=888
print(dict1["ccc"]) # 888
print(dict2["ccc"]) # [99, 2, 3]
dict2["fu"][0]=119
print(dict1["fu"]) # [119, [102, 103]]
print(dict2["fu"]) # [119, [102, 103]]
dict2["fu"][1][0]=77
print(dict1["fu"]) # [119, [77, 103]]
print(dict2["fu"]) # [119, [77, 103]]
dict2["fu"][1]=[104,105,106]
print(dict1["fu"]) # [119, [104, 105, 106]]
print(dict2["fu"]) # [119, [104, 105, 106]]
dict2["fu"]=[107,108,[109,110,111]]
print(dict1["fu"]) # [119, [104, 105, 106]]
print(dict2["fu"]) # [107, 108, [109, 110, 111]]
del dict1["a"]
print(dict1) # {'bb': 22, 'ccc': 888, 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [119, [104, 105, 106]]}
print(dict2) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [99, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [107, 108, [109, 110, 111]]}
del dict1["fu"]
print(dict1) # {'bb': 22, 'ccc': 888, 'dd': (4, 5, 6)}
print(dict2) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [99, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [107, 108, [109, 110, 111]]}
12.dict.fromkeys(seq[, value])：使用来自 seq的键创建一个新字典，并将键值设为 value，value默认为None
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
dict2=dict.fromkeys(dict1)
print("New Dict2 : ")
print(dict2) # {'a': None, 'bb': None, 'ccc': None, 'dd': None, 'fu': None}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,23)
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': 23, 'bb': 23, 'ccc': 23, 'dd': 23, 'fu': 23}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,"straa")
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': 'straa', 'bb': 'straa', 'ccc': 'straa', 'dd': 'straa', 'fu': 'straa'}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,(1,2))
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': (1, 2), 'bb': (1, 2), 'ccc': (1, 2), 'dd': (1, 2), 'fu': (1, 2)}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,[2,3])
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': [2, 3], 'bb': [2, 3], 'ccc': [2, 3], 'dd': [2, 3], 'fu': [2, 3]}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,{"a":100})
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': {'a': 100}, 'bb': {'a': 100}, 'ccc': {'a': 100}, 'dd': {'a': 100}, 'fu': {'a': 100}}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,{"a","b","a"})
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': {'a', 'b'}, 'bb': {'a', 'b'}, 'ccc': {'a', 'b'}, 'dd': {'a', 'b'}, 'fu': {'a', 'b'}}
dict1={"a":1,"a":101}
dict3=dict1.fromkeys(dict1,2)
print("New Dict3 : ")
print(dict3) # {'a': 2}
13.dict.get(key[, default])：返回指定键key对应的value值，若key不存在，则返回default，default默认为None
注：若key对应的value有值，即使给出default，也是返回value
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.get("a")) # 1
print(dict1.get("a","new value")) # 1
print(dict1.get("e")) # None
print(dict1.get("e",333)) # 333
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]],"a":888}
print(dict1.get("a")) # 888
print(dict1.get("e")) # None
print(dict1.get("e",8989)) # 8989
14.dict.items()：返回 元素为(键, 值) 组成的元组，组合而成的列表，可遍历
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.items()) # dict_items([('a', 1), ('bb', 22), ('ccc', [1, 2, 3]), ('dd', (4, 5, 6)), ('fu', [101, [102, 103]])])
print(type(dict1.items())) # <class 'dict_items'>
for d in dict1.items():
print(d)
print(type(d))
'''上述结果：
('a', 1)
<class 'tuple'>
('bb', 22)
<class 'tuple'>
('ccc', [1, 2, 3])
<class 'tuple'>
('dd', (4, 5, 6))
<class 'tuple'>
('fu', [101, [102, 103]])
<class 'tuple'>'''
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]],"a":888}
print(dict1.items()) # dict_items([('a', 888), ('bb', 22), ('ccc', [1, 2, 3]), ('dd', (4, 5, 6)), ('fu', [101, [102, 103]])])
15.dict.keys()：同第9点 iter(dict)
16.pop(key[, default])：如果 key 存在于字典中，则将其移除，并且无论是否给出default值，都返回其对应的value值；如果 key 不存在，但给出default，则返回 default值；如果 default 未给出且 key 不存在于字典中，则会引发 KeyError
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.pop("a", 1)) # 1
print(dict1) # {'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
print(dict1.pop("bb")) # 22
print(dict1) # {'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
#key"deded"不存在，但是给定了默认值
print(dict1.pop("deded","wuwuwu")) # wuwuwu
#pop方法必须带参数
# print(dict1.pop()) # 报错:TypeError: pop expected at least 1 arguments, got 0
#key“abc”不存在，并且未给定默认值
# print(dict1.pop("abc")) # 报错: KeyError: 'abc'
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]],"a":888}
print(dict1.pop("a", 1)) # 888
print(dict1) # {'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
print(dict1.pop("a", 123)) # 123
print(dict1) # {'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]]}
17.popitem()：从字典中移除并返回一个 (键, 值) 对，3.7版本后会按 “后进先出”的顺序被返回，但是如果字典为空，调用 popitem() 将引发 KeyError
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
# print(dict1.popitem("a", 1)) # 报错：TypeError: popitem() takes no arguments (2 given)
print(dict1.popitem()) # ('fu', [101, [102, 103]])
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6)}
dict1.popitem()
dict1.popitem()
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22}
dict1.popitem()
print(dict1) # {'a': 1}
dict1.popitem()
print(dict1) # {}
# dict1.popitem() # 报错：KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
18.setdefault(key[, default])：如果存在键 key，返回它的值。如果不存在，插入值为 default 的键 key ，并返回 default；default若不给出，默认为 None
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.setdefault("a")) # 1
再看一个场景：
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.setdefault("a")) # 1
print(dict1.setdefault("a",99)) # 1
print(dict1.setdefault("abc")) # None
print(dict1.setdefault("abc",999)) # None
print(dict1.setdefault("k", 12321)) # 12321
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]], 'abc': None, 'k': 12321}
（1）由上可见，如果key存在，该方法不会更改原来的值，如果不存在，该方法无论调用几次，只取第一次的default的值
（2）该方法与dict[key]=value的区别：如果key不存在，setdefault(key,value)方法等同dict[key] = value；但是当key在字典中存在，setdefault(key,value)不会改变原值，而dict[key] = value是会改变原值。所以setdefault方法主要用于向字典中添加一个key-value对，而不是修改key对应的值。
19.dict.update(other)：把字典参数 other的 key/value(键/值) 对/包含键值对更新到字典 dict 里；该方法无返回值
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
dict2={"name":"Mike","age":18}
print(dict1.update(dict2)) # None
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]], 'name': 'Mike', 'age': 18}
如果给出关键字参数，也能更新：
dict1={"a":1,"b":2}
dict1.update((("c",3),("d", 4)))
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
dict1.update([("e",5),("f", 6)])
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6}
dict1.update(dict(g=7,h=8))
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6, 'g': 7, 'h': 8}
dict1.update()
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6, 'g': 7, 'h': 8}
dict1.update(g1=71,h1=81)
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6, 'g': 7, 'h': 8, 'g1': 71, 'h1': 81}
# dict1.update(dict(i=9,i=99)) # 报错：dict1.update(dict(g=7,h=8))
如果更新的键有重复，则取最新的键值：
dict3={"age":22}
dict4={"sex":"female","color":"red","a":23}
dict1.update(dict3)
print(dict1) # {'a': 1, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]], 'name': 'Mike', 'age': 22}
dict1.update(dict4)
print(dict1) # {'a': 23, 'bb': 22, 'ccc': [1, 2, 3], 'dd': (4, 5, 6), 'fu': [101, [102, 103]], 'name': 'Mike', 'age': 22, 'sex': 'female', 'color': 'red'}
20.dict.values()：返回字典的值组成的新视图
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.values()) # dict_values([1, 22, [1, 2, 3], (4, 5, 6), [101, [102, 103]]])
print(list(dict1.values())) # [1, 22, [1, 2, 3], (4, 5, 6), [101, [102, 103]]]
print(tuple(dict1.values())) # (1, 22, [1, 2, 3], (4, 5, 6), [101, [102, 103]])
21.两个字典的异同
（1）字典的keys()和items()支持集合的运算
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.keys()) # dict_keys(['a', 'bb', 'ccc', 'dd', 'fu'])
dict2 = {"a": 1,"bb":2,"c":[1,2,3],"d":(4,5,6,7),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict2.keys()) # dict_keys(['a', 'bb', 'c', 'd', 'fu'])
a=dict1.keys() & dict2.keys()
print(a) # {'fu', 'a', 'bb'}
print(type(a)) # <class 'set'>
b=dict1.keys() - dict2.keys()
print(b) # {'ccc', 'dd'}
print(type(b)) # <class 'set'>
c=dict1.keys() | dict2.keys()
print(c) # {'ccc', 'a', 'bb', 'fu', 'c', 'd', 'dd'}
print(type(c)) # <class 'set'>
dict1={'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
dict2={'b': 2,'c': 'hello', 'e': 6}
a=dict1.items() & dict2.items()
print(a) # {('b', 2)}
print(type(a)) # <class 'set'>
b=dict1.items() - dict2.items()
print(b) # {('a', 1), ('c', 3)}
print(type(b)) # <class 'set'>
c=dict1.items() | dict2.items()
print(c) # {('c', 'hello'), ('c', 3), ('e', 6), ('b', 2), ('a', 1)}
print(type(c)) # <class 'set'>
（2）用items()比较异同时，其value值必须为unhashable，否则报错
dict1 = {"a": 1,"bb":22,"ccc":[1,2,3],"dd":(4,5,6),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict1.items()) # dict_items([('a', 1), ('bb', 22), ('ccc', [1, 2, 3]), ('dd', (4, 5, 6)), ('fu', [101, [102, 103]])])
dict2 = {"a": 1,"bb":2,"c":[1,2,3],"d":(4,5,6,7),"fu":[101,[102,103]]}
print(dict2.items()) # dict_items([('a', 1), ('bb', 2), ('c', [1, 2, 3]), ('d', (4, 5, 6, 7)), ('fu', [101, [102, 103]])])
# print(dict1.items() & dict2.items()) # 报错：TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
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