Cizrə

Cizrə
37°17′ şm. e. 42°08′ ş. u.
Ölkə	Türkiyə
Tarixi və coğrafiyası
Sahəsi	1.200 km²
Mərkəzin hündürlüyü	377 m
Əhalisi
Əhalisi	143.124 nəf. (2018)
Rəqəmsal identifikatorlar
Poçt indeksi	73000–73999
Nəqliyyat kodu	35
Digər
cizre.bel.tr
Cizrə
Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar

Cizrə (türk. Cizre, pronounced [ˈdʒizɾe]; ərəb. جَزِيْرَة ٱبْن عُمَر‎, Cəzirət ibn Ömər, kürd. Cizîr, Cizîra Botan və ya Cizîre; süry. ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܒܪ ܥܘܡܪ, Qazarta) — Türkiyənin Şırnak vilayətinin Cizrə rayonunda şəhər. Dəclə çayı üzərində Suriya–Türkiyə sərhədində və İraq–Türkiyə sərhədinə yaxın yerləşir. Cizrəşəhəri Cəzirə tarixi regionunda və Türkiyə Kürdüstanı mədəni regionundadır. 2021-ci ildə şəhərin əhalisi 130,916 nəfər idi.

Birinci Dünya müharibəsindən sonra şəhər XX əsrin ikinci yarısında yenidənqurma yolu ilə bərpa olunmağa başlamışdır. Cizrə əhalisi 1984-cü ildən etibarən Türkiyə–PKK münaqişəsindən qaçanların çoxu sığınacaq yeri kimi böyük artım görmüşdür. XX əsrin sonu və XXI əsrin əvvəllərində Cizrə PKK yaraqlıları ilə Türkiyə dövləti arasında döyüş meydanına çevrilmişdir, nəticədə şəhərdə əhəmiyyətli dağıntılar baş tutmuşdur.

Əlavə ədəbiyyat

Primary sources

• Gregory bar Hebraeus. Chronography. E. A. W. Budge tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Oxford University Press. 1932.
• Ibn al-Athir. The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir. D.S. Richards tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Routledge. 2002.

Secondary sources

• Açıkyıldız Şengül, Birgül. "Cizre Kırmızı Medrese:Mimari, İktidar ve Tarih". Kebikeç (türk). 38. 2014: 169–198.
• Ali, Othman. "The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiations, 1922-23". Middle Eastern Studies. 33 (3). 1997: 521–534. doi:10.1080/00263209708701167.
• Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281. Cambridge University Press. 2004.
• Ateş, Sabri. Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge University Press. 2013.
• Badem, Candan. The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Brill. 2010.
• Barsoum, Aphrem. The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Matti Moosa tərəfindən tərcümə olunub (2nd). Gorgias Press. 2003. İstifadə tarixi: 14 iyul 2020.
• Barsoum, Aphrem. History of the Za'faran Monastery. Matti Moosa tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Gorgias Press. 2008. İstifadə tarixi: 26 iyun 2021.
• Barsoum, Aphrem. History of the Syriac Dioceses. 1. Matti Moosa tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Gorgias Press. 2009a. İstifadə tarixi: 26 iyun 2021.
• Barsoum, Aphrem. The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum. 1. Matti Moosa tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Gorgias Press. 2009b. İstifadə tarixi: 26 iyun 2021.
• Beihammer, Alexander Daniel. Byzantium & Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, c.1040-1130. Routledge. 2017.
• Benjamin, Israel Joseph. Eight years in Asia and Africa from 1846-1855. Routledge. 1859.
• Biner, Zerrin Ozlem. States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2019.
• Boyle, J. A. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press. 2007.
• Brock, Sebastian P. A Historical Note of October 1915 Written in Dayro D-Zafaran (Deyrulzafaran) // David Gaunt; Naures Atto; Soner O. Barthoma (redaktorlar ). Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Berghahn Books. 2017. 148–157.
• Brock, Sebastian. The Syrian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century // Eastern Christianity, Theological Reflection on Religion, Culture, and Politics in the Holy Land and Christian Encounter with Islam and the Muslim World (PDF). Living Stones of the Holy Land Trust. 2021. 155–181. İstifadə tarixi: 12 avqust 2022.
• Bruinessen, Martin Van; Boeschoten, Hendrik. Evliya Çelebi in Diyarbekir. Brill. 1988.
• Burak, Durdu Mehmet. "EL-CEZİRE KUMANDANI NİHAT PAŞA'NIN EŞKIYA TARAFINDAN SOYULMASI" (PDF). Gazi Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (türk). 6 (1). 2005: 169–183. 15 iyul 2020 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 15 iyul 2020.
• Busse, Heribert. Iran Under the Buyids // Richard Nelson Frye (redaktor). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press. 2008. 250–305.
• Cahen, Claude. The Turkish Invasion: The Selchukids // Marshall W. Baldwin (redaktor). A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years. University of Wisconsin Press. 1969. 135–177.
• Canard, Marius. Ḥamdānids // Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 3. 1986. 126–131.
• Çetinoğlu, Sait. Genocide/ Seyfo – and how resistance became a way of life // Hannibal Travis (redaktor). The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies. Routledge. 2018. 178–191.
• Chaliand, Gerard, redaktorA People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Michael Pallis tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Zed Press. 1980.
• Chyet, Michael L. FERHENGA BIRÛSKÎ Kurmanji - English Dictionary. One: A - L. Transnational Press London. 2020.
• Courtois, Sébastien de. "Tur Abdin : Réflexions sur l'état présent descommunautés syriaques du Sud-Est de la Turquie,mémoire, exils, retours". Cahier du Gremmamo (fransız). 21. 2013: 113–150.
• Crow, James. Bezabde // Nicholson, Oliver (redaktor). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
• El-Azhari, Taef. Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The politics of Jihad. Routledge. 2016.
• Elisséeff, Nur ad-Din. Ibn ʿUmar, D̲j̲azīrat // Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 3. 1986. 960–961.
• Galante, Avram. Histoire des Juifs de Turquie (fransız). 1948.
• Gil, Moshe. Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages. David Strassler tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Brill. 2004.
• Heidemann, Stefan. Zangids // Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 11. 2002. 452–455.
• Henning, Barbara. Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes (PDF). University of Bamberg Press. 2018. İstifadə tarixi: 16 dekabr 2020.
• Hillenbrand, Carole. Marwanids // Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 6. 1991. 626–627.
• Humphreys, R. Stephen. From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. State University of New York Press. 1977.
• Ignatius Jacob III. History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul. Matti Moosa tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Gorgias Press. 2008. İstifadə tarixi: 25 may 2021.
• Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. Yale University Press. 2017.
• James, Boris. Constructing the Realm of the Kurds (al-Mamlaka al-Akradiyya): Kurdish In-betweenness and Mamluk Ethnic Engineering (1130-1340 CE) // Steve Tamari (redaktor). Grounded Identities: Territory and Belonging in the Medieval and Early Modern Middle East and Mediterranean. Brill. 2019. 17–45.
• Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle. Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. 2012.
• Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. 2006.
• Kana’an, Ruba. The Biography of a Thirteenth-century Brass Ewer from Mosul // Sheila Blair; Jonathan M. Bloom (redaktorlar ). God Is Beautiful and Loves Beauty: The Object in Islamic Art and Culture. Yale University Press. 2013. 176–193.
• Karpat, Kemal Haşim. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. University of Wisconsin Press. 1985.
• Kaymak, Wedat. Les éternels exilés (PDF) (fransız). Paris: Association des Cinéastes Kurdes en Exil. 1990. İstifadə tarixi: 18 sentyabr 2021.
• Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Pearson Education. 2004.
• Kennedy, Hugh. "The Feeding of the five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia". Iraq. 73. 2011: 177–199. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000152.
• Kévorkian, Raymond. The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011.
• Kieser, Hans-Lukas. From "Patriotism" to Mass Murder: Dr Mehmed Reşid (1873-1919) // Ronald Grigor Suny; Fatma Müge Göçek; Norman M. Naimark (redaktorlar ). A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. 2011. 126–151.
• Kiraz, George A. Giwargis II, Ignatius // Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. 2011.
• Klein, Janet. The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford University Press. 2011.
• Lightfoot, C.S. The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire with special reference to the reign of Constantius II. 1981.
• Mango, Andrew. Atatürk and the Kurds // Sylvia Kedourie (redaktor). Seventy-five Years of the Turkish Republic. Routledge. 2013. 1–26.
• Marcus, Aliza. "City in the War Zone". Middle East Report (189). 1994: 16–19. doi:10.2307/3013106. JSTOR 3013106.
• Mazzola, Marianna. "Centralism and Local Tradition : A Reappraisal of the Sources on the Metropolis of Tagrit and Mor Matay". Le Muséon. 132 (3–4). 2019: 399–413. İstifadə tarixi: 12 iyul 2020.
• Miynat, Ali. Cultural and socio-economic relations between the Turkmen states and the Byzantine empire and West with a corpus of the Turkmen coins in the Barber Institute Coin Collection (PDF). 2017.
• Mutzafi, Hezy. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Betanure (Province of Dihok). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2008.
• Nicolle, David. "The Zangid bridge of Ǧazīrat ibn ʿUmar (ʿAyn Dīwār/Cizre): A New Look at the carved panel of an armoured horseman". Bulletin d'études orientales. 62. 2013: 223–264.
• Özoğlu, Hakan. ""Nationalism" and Kurdish Notables in the Late Ottoman–Early Republican Era". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (3). 2001: 383–409. doi:10.1017/S0020743801003038.
• Özoğlu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. SUNY Press. 2004.
• Palmer, Andrew. Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press. 1990. İstifadə tarixi: 15 iyul 2020.
• Patton, Douglas. "Badr al-Dīn Lu'lu' and the Establishment of a mamluk Government in Mosul". Studia Islamica. Brill. 74 (74). 1991: 79–103. doi:10.2307/1595898. JSTOR 1595898.
• Pfeiffer, Judith. Confessional Ambiguity vs. Confessional Polarisation: Politics and the Negotiation of Religious Boundaries in the Ilkhanate // Judith Pfeiffer (redaktor). Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th-15th Century Tabriz. Brill. 2013. 129–171.
• Quataert, Donald. The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914 // Halil İnalcık; Donald Quataert (redaktorlar ). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge University Press. 1994. 759–947.
• Rassi, Salam. Justifying Christianity in the Islamic Middle Ages: The Apologetic Theology of ʿAbdīshōʿ bar Brīkhā (d. 1318). 2015.
• Rhétoré, Jacques. Les chrétiens aux bêtes: souvenirs de la guerre sainte proclamée par les Turcs contre les chrétiens en 1915 (fransız). Editions du CERF. 2005.
• Roberts, Sean. Printing a Mediterranean World: Florence, Constantinople, and the Renaissance of Geography. Harvard University Press. 2013.
• Sabar, Yona. A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho, Northwestern Iraq. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2002.
• Şanlı, Süleyman. "An Overview of Historical Background of Unknown Eastern Jews of Turkey". Mukaddime. 8 (1). 2017: 67–82.
• Sato, Noriko. Memory and Social Identity among Syrian Orthodox Christians (PDF). 2001. İstifadə tarixi: 27 dekabr 2019.
• Sinclair, T.A. Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Pindar Press. 1989. ISBN 9780907132349.
• Sinclair, Thomas. Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context. Routledge. 2019.
• Snelders, Bas. The Syrian Orthodox in their Historical and Artistic Settings // Identity and Christian-Muslim Interaction: Medieval Art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area (PDF). 2010.
• Taylor, Gordon. Fever and Thirst: An American Doctor Among the Tribes of Kurdistan, 1835-1844. Chicago Review Press. 2007.
• Ternon, Yves. Revue d'histoire arménienne contemporaine: Mardin 1915: Anatomie pathologique d'une destruction. 4. 2002.
• Touzard, Anne-Marie. FRANCE vii. FRENCH TRAVELERS IN PERSIA, 1600-1730 // Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2000.
• ul-Hasan, Mahmood. Ibn Al-At̲h̲ir: An Arab Historian : a Critical Analysis of His Tarikh-al-kamil and Tarikh-al-atabeca. Northern Book Centre. 2005.
• Üngör, Uğur; Polatel, Mehmet. Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011.
• Üngör, Uğur. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. Oxford University Press. 2012.
• Wilmshurst, David. The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Peeters Publishers. 2000.
• Yacoub, Joseph. Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide, A History. James Ferguson tərəfindən tərcümə olunub. Oxford University Press. 2016.
• Zaken, Mordechai. Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival. Brill. 2007.
• Zawanowska, Marzena. Yefet ben ʿEli on Genesis 11 and 22 // Meira Polliack; Athalya Brenner-Idan (redaktorlar ). Jewish Biblical Exegesis from Islamic Lands: The Medieval Period. SBL Press. 2019. 33–61.